The Histories of the Commissions - Contents
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Preparation of this history of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) Commission on Parasitic Diseases was made possible through the help of Colonel Robert A. Wells, Executive Secretary, and Jean P. Ward, Staff Assistant, who assembled essential documents and compiled some of the essential data, and by Helen Day, Editorial Assistant, Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, whose assistance in numerous ways was essential.
Foreword
Throughout the annals of military medicine, parasites have relentlessly afflicted combat personnel. Exposure in terrain marked with marshes, streams, rivers, rain forests, and remote villages brought combat troops in direct contact with mosquitoes, plasmodia, microfilariae, snails, schistosomes, and all types of parasites. The realization of their importance sparked the formation of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB). The Commission`s innovative work and the contributions of many professionals, who worked on parasite detection, prevention, and ultimate control, are a breath of fresh air in the history of military medicine.
From its beginnings in 1953, the Commission has been blessed with quality leadership. The contributions of its members have represented the best advice and wisest direction available anywhere.
Commission Directors Tom Weller, Gustave J. Dammin, Harry Most, and Paul Beaver were the best of all possible choices. They and their stellar associates worked in consort with their medical military professional counterparts to establish a remarkable program of fundamental research and preventive measures covering the years 1953 to 1973. Paul Beaver prepared this history of the AFEB Commission on Parasitic Diseases at a considerable sacrifice. He completed this work despite his failing health. It should better the cause of medicine everywhere and be of lasting value to the Military Medical Services. Unfortunately, Dr. Beaver died in 1993 before having the opportunity to read and enjoy this historical record of the Commission, which is really a tribute to him.
-Theodore E. Woodward, M.D.
History of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Paul C. Beaver, Ph.D.
INTRODUCTION
During World War II and in earlier years, whenever a parasitic disease problem was encountered by a military mission and civilian assistance to search for a solution was needed, a special commission of appropriate experts was formed to deal with it. For example, when the campaign to retake the Philippines was affected by large numbers of casualties due to schistosomiasis, a special commission consisting of selected military and civilian parasitologists was formed to determine the nature and extent of the problem and to take appropriate actions to deal with the problem. The Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB)established a permanent Commission on Parasitic Diseases in order to anticipate or prevent the outbreak of parasitic diseases. In the fall of 1952, Dr. Colin MacLeod, President of the AFEB, asked Dr. Thomas Weller to organize a Commission on Parasitic Diseases. On 13 January 1953, a preliminary meeting was held at the Army Medical School. Five of the original members of the Commission were in attendance, namely, Drs. Paul Beaver, Gustave J. Dammin, Harry Most, Lloyd Rozeboom, and Weller.
MISSION
The first formal meeting of the Commission was held on 2 October 1953 at the Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. The following notes were taken from the minutes of the meeting. Those in attendance are listed below.
Members of the Commission
Dr. Thomas H. Weller, Director
Dr. Paul C. Beaver
Dr. Ernest B. Bueding
Dr. Gustave J. Dammin
Dr. Harry Most
Dr. Gilbert F. Otto
Dr. Lloyd E. Rozeboom
Representing the Army
Dr. Stanhope Bayne-Jones
Technical Director of Research, Medical Research and Development Board, Office of The Surgeon General
Colonel Arthur P. Long, MC
Assistant Chief, Preventive Medicine Division,
Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army
Dr. Donald B. McMullen
Chief, Department of Medical Zoology, Army
Medical Service Graduate School
Representing the Navy
Commander S. A. Britten, MC, USN
Head, Epidemiology Branch and Communicable Disease Section, Preventive Medicine Division,
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy
Representing the Air Force
Major Gerald J. Schipper, MC, USAF
Communicable Disease Control Officer, Preventive Medicine Division, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Air Force
Representing the National Research Council
Dr. Leon H. Warren
Associate, Division on Medical Sciences
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Outline of Meeting 9:30 Remarks by Commission Director-Thomas H. Weller Remarks by: Colonel Arthur P. Long, Department of the Army General Discussion S. H. Hutner of Haskins Laboratories Executive Session 17:30 Adjournment
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When he opened the meeting, Dr. Weller emphasized the need felt by the new Commission for information about policies, procedures, funds, and relationships among various organizations and suggested that the Commission should do what it could to remedy the deficiency of workers in parasitology and parasitic diseases. He then introduced Dr. Stanhope Bayne-Jones and asked him to speak about several critical matters. Dr. Bayne-Jones explained that he was serving in his present role as a staff member for the Commission because both the President of the AFEB (Dr. MacLeod) and its Administrator (Colonel Adam Rapalski) were in the Far East. He explained further that he was very new in his position as Technical Director of Research of the Medical Research and Development Board in the Office of The Surgeon General of the Army. He conveyed a welcome from Colonel John Wood and said that he also felt that he was permitted to express his appreciation and welcome on behalf of the three Surgeons General.
Questions and discussions lasted about an hour and recurred often later. The following sections summarize the replies made by Dr. Bayne-Jones during the course of the meeting.
The Board and Commissions
It was noted that the AFEB was an agency of the Department of Defense; under the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Army acted as managing agent, responsible for the main administrative affairs of the AFEB and commissions. The Secretary of the Army delegated authority and responsibilities to and through the command divisions (medical departments) of the three services: Army, Navy,
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Outline of Meeting 9:30 Introductory Remarks by Commission Director-Thomas H. Weller Remarks by: Colonel Whayne, Department of the Army Summary of Research in Progress at the 406th General Medical Laboratory-Dr. Lawrence S. Ritchie Review of status of revision of TB-MEDS 13:00 Executive session Discussion of renewal of Contract DA-49-007-MD-516-Dr. Robert M. Lewert Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Tulane University 14:30 Meeting adjourned 19:30 Meeting reconvened in general session Report of work in parasitology at the Naval Medical Research Institute-Dr. Clay Huff 21:15 Executive session Discussion of: Research in the field of malaria 22:15 Meeting adjourned
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and Air Force. Most of the funds available to the AFEB and commissions were supplied by the Army through the Medical Research and Development Board of the Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Dr. Bayne-Jones said that the Commission on Parasitic Diseases might be in an especially favorable position to develop projects of joint concern among the three Services.
Special Functions
In research, the commissions had operated in two main ways, namely (1) conducting field investigations, and (2) conducting investigations in the home laboratories of members of the commissions or persons associated with the commissions (Associate Members). The Commission would consider research proposals referred to it by the Medical Research and Development Board.
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Dr. Bayne-Jones said that
. The proposals from outside would be considered in relation to the program or activity of the Commission.
. If a proposal was approved and a contract executed, the project would then become an integral part of the program of the Commission and would be "monitored" by the Commission.
. The investigators supported by such a contract would not need to be made either members or associates of the Commission.
. As a corollary to the first two statements above, the Commission was not an agency for recommending the dispensing of funds on a grant-in-aid basis; rather it was an agency recommending action on contracts for research or related work connected with the missions of the Armed Forces.
Financing
The Commission on Parasitic Diseases could count on having a total budget allocation of approximately $110,000 for FY 54 (1 July 1953 to 30 June 1954) and probably the same amount for FY 55. This was exclusive of any amount provided through the Medical Research and Development Board for investigations on parasitic diseases by the Army Medical Service Graduate School.
Relationships and Research Programs
Relationships among commissions, research and operating sections in the Office of The Surgeon General, or in Class II Installations of The Surgeon General`s Office, research organizations and programs of the Navy and Air Force, and civilian organizations were described by Dr. Bayne-Jones as extensive and complicated. This new Commission would have to find its way through a maze of activities, vested interests, and appeals. It was Dr. Bayne-Jones` advice to the Commission to deal with questions as they arose and to develop some special lines of activity. It was again suggested that the Commission`s program should include as many projects of mutual interest to the Army, Navy, and Air Force as possible.
Recruitment
With regard to training and recruitment in the field of parasitology and tropical medicine, Dr. Bayne-Jones offered his opinion on the following matters:
. The Commission could not use its funds for fellowships. According to an opinion from the Department of Defense, under the present appropriation acts, it would be illegal to use money from the Defense Department for fellowship stipends.
. He believed that the Commission could employ investigators and hire contractors with various levels of skill and experience to do research that they and the AFEB wanted done.
. To make the need for more trained parasitologists more widely known, he suggested that the Commission could draw up a statement about the deficiencies of "manpower," skills, and knowledge in this field and have it published in appropriate scientific journals, could circularize various organizations, and could mention the subject in connection with the presentation of papers, presidential addresses, or other discourses.
. Furthermore, the Commission could stimulate interest and attract new workers by outlining interesting and important areas of research and by looking for persons who would be interested in working on problems in those areas.
Basic and Applied Research
From time to time during the session, questions were raised by members of the Commission and some of the guests relating to basic research compared to applied research. Dr. Bayne-Jones said that
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although there were many complexities, one simplifying general rule that had been observed from the first was that the research conducted by the AFEB and its commissions must be reasonably related to the mission of the Armed Forces. This mission was, of course, very broad. Although the mission statement was not quoted at the meeting, the following statement of the mission of the Army is quoted from Section II, Paragraph 6, of S.R. 10-5-1, dated 11 April 1950, and entered for the record as follows:
Mission. To provide support for national and international policy, and the security of the United States by planning, directing, and reviewing the military and civil operations of the Army Establishment, to include the organization, training, and equipping of land forces of the United States for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations on land in accordance with plans for national security.
In this context, the main point is the breadth of the mission statement, allowing scope for both basic and applied research. The provision that all such research should be reasonably related to the mission of a military service was not so restrictive that it had interfered with the traditional activities of the AFEB and commissions. In this connection, Colonel Arthur P. Long and others pointed out that the research work of the AFEB and commissions was carried out under contracts. Such research contracts did not necessarily have an "end item" in view, but were definitely concerned with work that was expected to be of benefit to the Armed Forces. The commissions and AFEB did not function merely as agencies for dissemination of grants in aid.
Finally, Dr. Bayne-Jones suggested that the question of basic versus applied research should be dealt with in a common-sense manner in direct relation to a research program or research project that might be formulated by the Commission or submitted to it. If it was something that competent investigators wanted to do and could do, and if it was within the broad missions of the Services, there would probably be no serious problems in the way of supporting it if funds were available.
Colonel Long presented information and comments from the Division of Preventive Medicine, Office of The Surgeon General of the Army. He said that the representatives of the Services felt that their place in these meetings was to help the group to understand problems of the Services and to help them evaluate their work as far as the Services were concerned. He said that at that time the military forces were not faced with serious problems of parasitic diseases, but no doubt would have far more extensive problems in case of global war.
Dr. Weller asked what assistance would be requested in connection with revisions of TB-MEDS. Colonel Long said that the staff of the Preventive Medicine Division had sent Dr. MacLeod a stack of TB-MEDS with a request to the AFEB and its commissions to furnish advice and new material for revisions, and for revisions of some other publications.
Captain Sidney A. Britten presented statistics from the Preventive Medicine Division of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the Navy. He said that the Navy was concerned with certain parasitic diseases that caused its personnel loss of time and had an adverse effect on their morale. He quoted a series of figures on schistosomiasis, filariasis, amebiasis, and malaria and referred to the work on schistosomiasis and other diseases being done by the staff of the Navy Medical Research Unit (NAMRU #3) in Cairo, Egypt. Expressing his personal opinion, Commander Britten said that he had considerable interest in prophylaxis against African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) by the use of pentamidine and other compounds. He suggested that the Commission could be of assistance by taking an interest in this subject.
Information from the Preventive Medicine Division of the Office of The Surgeon General of the Air Force was presented by Major Gerald J. Schipper. After discussing some statistics, he pointed out that most of the Air Force personnel were "ground personnel" and, like the other services, the Air Force was concerned about problems of parasitic diseases. Diarrheal disease was one of the major factors interfering with flying duty.
Dr. Leon Warren reviewed the long-standing interest of the National Research Council, Division of Medical Sciences, in the field of parasitology and tropical medicine. He referred to the current committees and subcommittees that were dealing with work in this field and outlined some of their main activities.
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CAPTAIN SIDNEY A.BRITTEN, MC, USN
Executive Secretary
1963-1968
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The Commission then considered the applications that had been submitted to it. Only one application was from a member of the Commission (Dr. Dammin`s application). All of the applications had been referred by the Medical Research and Development Board. The Director had already assigned each application to a member of the Commission for study.
Six applications were considered. Two were regarded as unsuitable for sponsorship. Two were thought to be meritorious but more appropriate for support elsewhere (National Institutes of Health [NIH]) or more appropriate for sponsorship by the Commission on Immunization (including Dr. Dammin`s application) and two were approved and recommended to the Board for funding. The approved applications were submitted by Dr. Robert M. Lewert on "The Inhibition of Cercarial Penetration" and by Drs. Bruce Halstead and Edward Wagner on "The Biology of the Snail Host of Schistosomajaponicum." (Dr. Lewert later became a member of the Commission.)
In executive session, the Commission considered some matters of policy and the formation of a committee to summarize deficiencies in the supply of trained personnel in the field of parasitic diseases. No action was recorded.
MEMBERSHIP
Commission Directors
Thomas H. Weller, M.D., Harvard School of Public Health, 1953-1959
Gustave J. Dammin, M.D., Harvard Medical School, 1959-1960
Harry Most, M.D., New York University School of Medicine, 1960-1967
Paul C. Beaver, Ph.D., Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1967-1972
Deputy Directors
Gustave J. Dammin, M.D., Harvard Medical School, 1957-1959
Elvio H. Sadun, Sc.D., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1969-1972
Members
The number of full members of the Commission varied from 8 or9 (usually 9) up to 1965, to 12 to 14 thereafter. Listed below are all full members with their academic degrees, affiliations, terms of appointment, and fields of special interest:
William B. Balamuth, Ph.D., University of California,1969-1972-Amebiasis
Paul C. Beaver, Ph.D., Tulane University, 1953-1972-Filariasis, Amebiasis
Ernest Bueding, M.D., Louisiana State University, 1953-1972-Pharmacology,Anthelmintics
G. Robert Coatney, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health, 1965-1968-Malaria
Gustave J. Dammin, M.D., Harvard University, 1953-1968-Pathology, Tropical Diseases
William W. Frye, Ph.D., M.D., Louisiana State University, 1970-1972-Amebiasis
Clay G. Huff, Sc.D., National Naval Medical Center, 1965-1967-Malaria
Rodney C. Jung, M.D., Ph.D., Tulane University,1968-1972-Clinical Tropical Medicine
Robert M. Lewert, Sc.D., University of Chicago, 1958-1972-Biochemistry,Immunology, Schistosomiasis
Donald B. McMullen, Sc.D., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,1965-1967-Schistosomiasis
Harry Most, M.D., New York University, 19531972-Clinical Tropical Medicine, Malaria
Franklin A. Neva, M.D., Harvard School of Public Health, 1965-1968-Leishmaniasis
Gilbert F. Otto, Sc.D., Abbott Laboratories, 1953-1958-Filariasis
Lloyd E. Rozeboom, Sc.D., The Johns Hopkins University, 1953-1972-MedicalEntomology
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Elvio H. Sadun, Sc.D., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,1961-1972-Malaria, Schistosomiasis
Leslie A. Stauber, Sc.D., Rutgers University, 1968-1972-Leishmaniasis
Henry Van der Schalie, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1953-1972-Malacology
Franz C. von Lichtenberg, M.D., Peter Bent Brigham Hospital,1965-1968-Pathology, Schistosomiasis
Thomas H. Weller, M.D., Harvard University, 1953-1972-Tropical Diseases,S chistosomiasis
Willard H. Wright, D.V. M., Ph.D., National Institutes of Health,1953-1972-Helminthology
Martin D. Young, Sc.D., Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, 1968-1972-Malaria
Associate Members
The number of associate members varied from none for the first 2 years to 12 for the years 1963-1964, when chloroquine resistance of Plasmodiumfalciparum was demanding special attention prior to the establishment of a separate Commission on Malaria. Members who were appointed associate members and later appointed full members were Drs. G. Robert Coatney (1959-1964), Clay G. Huff (1955-1965), Rodney Jung (1967-1968), Lewert (1957-1958), Donald R. McMullen (1955-1965), Franklin A. Neva (1961-1965), Elvio H. Sadun (1963-1965), Leslie A. Stauber (1963-1968), Franz von Lichtenberg(1959-1965), and Martin D. Young (1967-1968).
Those who served on the Commission as associate members only include the following:
Robert Altman, M.D., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1967-1970-Malaria
Alf S. Alving, M.D., University of Chicago, 1963-1964-Malaria
Ralph W. Bunn, M.D., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1959-1960-Malaria
Daniel H. Connor, M.D., Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,1968-1972-Filariasis
V. G. Dethler, University of Pennsylvania, 1961-1962-Malaria
Robert C. Elderfield, Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1963-1964-Malaria
John M. Geary, M.D., Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.,1963-1967-Malaria
R. J. Holoway, MSC, USM, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.- Pest Control
John Scanlon, Ph.D., University of Texas, 1968-1972-Medical Entomology
Leon H. Schmidt, Ph.D., University of California, 1963-1964-Malaria
William Trager, Ph.D., Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research,1963-1964-Malaria, Trypanosomiasis
COMMISSION ACTIVITIES
After the first meetings in the fall of 1953 and 1954, fall and spring meetings were held annually (usually in October or November and March or April). Annual reports were submitted by the Director of the Commission to the President of the AFEB. The annual report consisted of the proceedings of the two previous meetings, a summary of Commission activities, and reports from responsible investigators on studies, including those in progress or those completed during the year under sponsorship of the Commission. Frequently, a spring or fall meeting extended over 2 days and included a symposium covering atopic of special military interest. Usually, at both meetings, a regular agenda item included formal reports or comments from representatives of the Army, Navy, and Air Force on the current status of parasitic diseases, or on a special problem such as prophylaxis failure in malaria or the question of risk of hydatid infection for the military personnel stationed in Alaska. Fall meetings occasion-
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Dr. Thomas H. Weller always conducted himself as a meticulous student of medicine, thoroughly schooled in the fundamentals of the scientific method. Trained as a clinical and laboratory-oriented pediatrician, he extended his capabilities into the fields of virology and parasitology. With his mentor, John Enders, and his associate, Fred Robbins, he received the Nobel Prize for the cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures.
Tom willingly responded to military medical problems; he served with distinction on the Commission on Parasitology and directed its activities from 1953 to 1959, while concurrently engaged at the Harvard School of Public Health. The AFEB Commissions on Malaria and Virus Diseases profited greatly from Tom Weller`s wise counsel, teaching ability, and scientific contributions.
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There are few among us who possess the competence, commitment, wisdom, and equanimity that Dr. Gustave J. Dammin displayed. His productive war record was followed by a stellar career as an experimental pathologist at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and at Harvard Medical School. Gus was an active contributor to several commissions of the AFEB. Parasitology was one of his favorite fields of interest to which specialty he contributed so importantly. He was Deputy Director of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases from 1957 to 1959 and its Director from 1959 to 1960.
In 1960, he was very appropriately elevated to the Presidency of the AFEB, where he served with great distinction until 1972. During this 12-year period, the AFEB and its commissions dealt with substance abuse in the military, immunization practices, and changes in the organization of the AFEB. Gus steered a steady ship. He saw issues and problems through to their best solutions by his appointments of consultants; the AFEB and its commissions flourished under his guiding hand. A careful and dedicated scientist, Gus Dammin not only advised other investigators, but he also made major contributions of his own. His leadership of the AFEB was of unquestioned historical significance.
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Dr. Harry Most was born in New York City and was a proud product of the New York City University educational system (B.S., 1927; Medicine, 1931; and D.Sc., 1938). He was a Research Fellow of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and DTM, London School of Tropical Medicine. At New York University School of Medicine, he was assistant professor of medicine and clinical pathology from 1941 to 1946, associate professor of preventive medicine from 1946 to 1949, professor of tropical medicine from 1949 to 1954, and the Hermann M. Biggs Professor and chairman of the Department of Preventive Medicine from 1954 to 1976; he served as professor of medicine beginning in 1976.
Harry Most was an important member of the New York State Department of Health and held consultant and visiting professorships at Harvard, various hospitals in New York, and the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. He served with distinction as a major in the Army of the United States and received the Legion of Merit for special contributions to the military service. Various leading societies awarded him memberships and officerships, including the New York Society of Tropical Medicine, of which he was president in 1963 and 1964; the American Society of Clinical Investigation; the American Medical Association; the American Association for the Advancement of Science; and the Phi Beta Kappa and Alpha Omega Alpha.
For many years, Dr. Most was a member of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases and served as its director in 1950. Truly, he was one our country`s leading authorities in tropical medicine and parasitic diseases.
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Paul C. Beaver graduated from Wabash College in 1928 and received his doctoral degree from the University of Illinois in 1935. His alma mater awarded him an honorary degree of D.Sc. in 1963. During his early career, Dr. Beaver held academic positions at the University of Wyoming, Lawrence College, and University of Michigan. Between 1942 and 1945, Dr. Beaver was a member of the Georgia Department of Health. He then joined the faculty of the Tulane University Medical School as Assistant Professor of Parasitology between 1945 and 1947. He progressed through the ranks and became Associate Professor in 1947, Professor in 1952, and chaired the department between 1956 and 1971. In 1976, he was made Professor Emeritus.
Faithful and productive as an outstanding parasitologist, he was an important contributing member of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases from 1960 to 1967, and served as its director from 1967 to1973, at which time the Commission`s activities were terminated by executive order.
Dr. Beaver served as a member, councilor, and officer of numerous academic societies, both domestic and abroad. He was vice president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 1958 and its president in 1969. The American Society of Parasitology honored him with its presidency in 1968. Two high posts were his membership in the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and NIH membership of the Parasitic Diseases Panel of the U.S. / Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program. Editorial boards of leading parasitological and tropical medicine journals profited from his scholarly capabilities. The AFEB is in his debt for having prepared the history of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases.
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ally were held at the site of, and just before or immediately following, the annual meetings of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. This practice was discontinued after the 1967 fall meeting.
Malaria Committee
At the 1957 spring meeting of the Commission, the need for research in the field of malaria was discussed at length. The Commission decided to consider areas where investigative work needed to be performed, with particular reference to the present and potential requirements of the Armed Forces. This decision came after a long discussion, in which it was noted that the National Research Council had disbanded its Panel on Malaria at a time when chloroquine-resistant strains were being reported.
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Agenda GENERAL SESSION 0930 Introductory remarks Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr., President, AFEB 1000 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers of the Armed Forces 1030 Coffee break 1045 Current work on the treatment of malaria-Dr. Alf S. Alving 1145 Discussion: Commission Members and Guests 1215 Lunch 1330 Malaria and other research in parasitology at the Naval Medical Research Institute-Dr. Clay G. Huff 1400 Recent work of AFPCB on control of insect vectors-Colonel Ralph W. Bunn, MSC 1420 General discussion-Malaria 1440 Informal reports and discussion of training, therapy, research and travel- Dr. Ernest Bueding 1540 Coffee break 1600 Executive Session |
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Agenda GENERAL SESSION-7 April 0930 Introductory Remarks Dr. Gustave J. Dammin, Director 1000 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers of the Army, Navy, and Air Force 1030 Intermission 1045 Requirements for personnel and training for work in tropical areas Subject to be introduced by Dr. Sadun 1130 Dr. Henry van der Schalie: Studies of American Pomatiopsis Snails 1200 Film describing work of the 406th Med. Gen. Lab., Zama, Japan 1230 Recess for lunch 1400 Dr. Harry Most and Dr. Meir Yoeli: Biological Studies in Malaria 1445 Dr. Lloyd Rozeboom and Dr. L. M. Howard: Factors Influencing the Susceptibility and Immunity of the Mosquito to Infection by the Malaria Parasite 1530 Work of the Military in Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Malaria: General Discussion 1700 Adjournment GENERAL SESSION-8 April 0900 Dr. Paul Beaver, Dr. John Schacher, and Dr. T. J. Danaraj: Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia 0945 Dr. Robert Lewert, Dr. S. Mandlowitz, and Dr. D. Dusanic: Studies on Schistosome cercariae with Special Reference to Inhibition of Penetration by Various Agents 1030 Intermission 1045 Dr. Ernest Bueding: Mechanisms of Anthelminthic Action 1130 Dr. Nathan Entner: Enzymatic Aspects of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ascaris lumbricoides 1200 Informal reports on research and travel 1300 Recess for lunch EXECUTIVE SESSION 1400 Meeting of full members of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases for consideration of contract proposals, financing, and membership
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At the 1957 fall meeting of the Commission, a special session on the status of malaria research was held. Discussions were led by the country`s most eminent malariologists, Dr. Paul Russell of the Rockefeller Foundation, Dr. Huff of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Center, and Dr. Coatney of the NIH Laboratory of Tropical Diseases. Dr. Russell pointed out gaps in knowledge about malaria organisms, mosquito vectors, insecticides, and antimalarials. Dr. Huff discussed the need for basic research on the plasmodium`s morphology and behavior, genetics, and physiology. Dr. Rozeboom reviewed the research needs regarding vector taxonomy, transmission potential, and resistance to insecticides. Dr. Coatney discussed problems of chemotherapy and Dr. Willard Wright outlined research currently in progress in the United States and elsewhere.
At the 1958 spring meeting, the needs for research on malaria were again reviewed, and an ad hoc committee called the Committee on Malaria Research was appointed for the purpose of stimulating applications for support of research on malaria. At the 1958 fall meeting of the Commission, members o fthe committee reported that as a direct result of the committee`s discussions in Bethesda earlier in the year, members of the Commission had submitted the following two project applications: Dr. Harry Most and Dr. Meir Yoeli had already begun their "Biological Studies in Malaria," initiated in July1958 at New York University; Dr. Rozeboom and Dr. Lee M. Howard applied to do research on "Factors Influencing Susceptibility and Immunity in the Mosquito to Infection by the Malaria Parasite," to be initiated in January1959 at The Johns Hopkins University.
Members of the Committee on Malaria Research included the Chairman, Dr. Most, and Drs. Coatney, Rozeboom, and Weller, who continued discussions at subsequent meetings. They reached no definite conclusions and made no recommendations until the 1962 fall meeting, when the ad hoc committee converted to a permanent, standing committee of the AFEB consisting of Drs. Most(Chairman), Coatney, Huff, Rozeboom, and Weller. Additional discussions about the committee`s role and purpose took place at the spring 1963 meeting of the full Commission on Parasitic Diseases. Following discussions, and after reviewing recent malaria problems encountered by the military, the ad hoc committee was established by the AFEB as a permanent committee. The newly established committee presented the following recommendations: that immediate steps be taken to expand research and research training; that the AFEB encourage new studies and intensify studies on a new antimalarial drug; and that the AFEB consider the establishment of a joint governmental, military, and civilian committee on malaria.
Alaska Hydatid Field Investigation
Because it posed a health hazard to military personnel on duty in Alaska, an ad hoc committee was formed to investigate hydatid disease. Ad hoc committee members included Drs. Gilbert Otto (Chairman), Most, and Wright. Dr. Robert Rausch of the Arctic Health Research Center (USPHS), whose research had called attention to the problem, attended the 1956 spring meeting of the Commission and met with the members of the ad hoc committee on hydatid disease. On the recommendation of the committee, a field party conducted a 2-week investigation in Alaska in July 1956. The field party consisted of Dr. Otto, Mr. John Bozicevich of the NIH, and Lieutenant Colonel H. E. Griffin, of the Preventive Medicine Division, Office of The Surgeon General. Based on the committee`s epidemiological findings, extensive intradermal tests with controls and confirmation of results by two laboratories (CDC and First Army Laboratory),and based on further discussions at the 1956 fall and 1957 spring meetings of the Commission, it was concluded that hydatid infection in Alaska was not a medical hazard of more than minimal significance to military personnel.
Schistosomiasis Research Methodology
In view of the high importance of schistosomiasis in the Commission`s program and the frequency of disappointing results due to oversight of essential experimental conditions, an ad hoc committee was asked to prepare an outline of essential conditions to be considered and included in the planning
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WILLARD H. WRIGHT, D.V. M., PH.D.
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Elvio H. Sadun received his early education in Italy and obtained graduate degrees from Harvard University (M.A.) and The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene (Sc.D.). He taught parasitology for a few years each at the University of Arkansas School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, and Thai University of Health in Bangkok, Thailand. For 3 years (1954-1957), he was in charge of the helminthological unit at the Communicable Disease Center in Atlanta. He then was parasitologist at the U.S. Army 406th Medical, General Laboratory in Japan, and in 1959 began an illustrious career as Chief of Medical Zoology at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). At each location, his research contributed significantly to knowledge of immunological or nutritional aspects of parasitic infection.
Dr. Sadun was a member of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases from 1965 to 1972 and was Deputy Director from 1969 to 1972. He was a ready participant in discussions of a wide range of disease problems and was an outstanding leader in the areas of schistosomiasis and malaria. A notable achievement was the organization, direction, and editing of comprehensive malaria research symposiums in 1966, 1969, and 1972. In 1974 he was awarded posthumously the Distinguished Civilian Service Award of the Department of Defense.
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and reporting of schistosomiasis research projects. The following members of the Commission served on the committee: Chairman Henry vander Schalie and members Dr. McMullen, Dr. Robert Kuntz, and Dr. Elmer Berry. Their report covered the sources of eggs, the storage of eggs, and their method of hatching. The report also discussed the background of the snails; the possible methods of exposure to the snails; the duration and conditions of development in snails; the number, behavior, and infectivity of cercariae; method of exposure of vertebrate hosts; and the methods of collecting and handling the adult worms. A bibliography of selected papers on the maintenance f schistosomes in the laboratory was appended to the report.
TB-Medications (TB-MEDS)
At the Commission`s first meeting in October 1953, it was noted that a number of TB-Medications (TB-Meds) and other publications were awaiting revision; and that the assistance of the AFEB and commissions was expected. When the 1954-55 Director`s Annual Report was released, the revision of the four TB-MEDS assigned to the Commission had been completed. Suggestions were then made at the fall 1964 meeting by Commission members concerning the revision of TB-MEDS on common intestinal helminths and on African try panosomiasis. The status of the TB-MEDS was again discussed at the 1965 spring meeting. In 1965, the suggestion was offered that the TB-MEDS should be made more generally available through the Government Printing Office. There was no recorded follow-up of that suggestion. By November 1965, the TB-MEDS had been revised on African trypanosomiasis, common intestinal helminths, trematodes other than schistosomes, malaria, filariasis, amebiasis, and schistosomiasis. In October 1972, the need for further revisions of the TB-MEDS was again discussed at the last meeting of the Commission.
Procurement of Antiparasitic Drugs
In February 1961, and at subsequent spring meetings of the Commission, the attention of the AFEB was called to the serious lack of availability of drugs effective in the prophylactic, suppressive, and curative treatment of parasitic infections. Of the 32 listed drugs for prevention or treatment of parasitic infections, fewer than a third were recorded as available in the Federal Supply Catalogue. At the Commission meeting in October 1961, are solution was prepared for use by the AFEB in an effort to remedy the situation. Later, the list was submitted to the appropriate offices to permit stockpiling the drugs.
During the 1965 spring meeting, members reported that discussions were underway to encourage some pharmaceutical companies to establish a central institute, supported by the industry, to foster and support research on the synthesis, pharmacology, and chemotherapy of drugs needed in tropical medicine. Another key purpose of the institute would be to prepare and produce certain drugs that were currently unavailable because of low demand. Little progress was made toward that goal in 1966. So, the Commission on Parasitic Diseases established an ad hoc committee composed of Drs. Most, Neva, and Bueding to explore ways to resolve the problem. As a result of the work of the Commission, significant progress was reported at the 1967 spring meeting. The Communicable Disease Center (CDC) agreed to act as a sponsor for drugs not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in this country. To make such drugs more readily available to military and civilian physicians, members of the ad hoc committee recommended that repositories be established to serve various geographic areas. At the Commission s next meeting, the scarcity or nonavailability of needed antiparasitic drugs was still a matter of concern, but eventually a satisfactory service was established by the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia.
Special Reports and Symposia
The Commission attempted to integrate its program with that of other agencies by holding the following symposia on parasitology topics at leading institutions:
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Air Force Base, Northeast Cape, St. Laurence Island, Alaska, July 1956.
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. Research Laboratories. At the 1954 fall meeting, the parasitology research program of the 406th Medical General Laboratory in Japan was presented by Dr. L. S. Ritchie. Ongoing research at the Naval Medical Research Institute was described by Dr. Huff, and Dr. Wright described the parasitology research conducted at the NIH.
. NIH Schistosomiasis. At the 1955 spring meeting, Dr. Wright presented a summary of the research in progress on schistosomiasis at the NIH.
. LSU Parasitology. At the 1956 fall meeting of the Commission in New Orleans, the research program in parasitology at Louisiana State University School of Medicine was presented by Dr. Bueding and others (Drs. R. Reeves, H. J. Saz, B. E. Mansour).
. Malaria Research. The 1957 fall meeting of the Commission was held at Hotel Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. The afternoon session was devoted to reviews of current research on malaria by Drs. Russell, Huff, Rozeboom, and Coatney. Their presentations were followed by a discussion of the role of the Commission in relation to the status of research on malaria.
. Vector Control. At the 1959 spring meeting held at WRAIR, Colonel Ralph Bunn presented a report on current research to control of insect vectors at the Armed Forces Pest Control Branch laboratories in Florida.
. Malaria Research. At the 1960 spring meeting, Dr. Huff reported on the malaria research in progress at the Naval Medical Research Institute. At the same meeting, Dr. Alf S. Alving described the malaria research programs at University of Chicago and the Illinois State Penitentiary at Statesville.
. CDC Program. The 1962 fall meeting held at the CDC in Atlanta, the organization and programs of the CDC were described by Dr. Alan Donaldson, departmental chief. Individual programs were presented by four CDC laboratory chiefs.
. Chicago Area Programs. The 1963 fall meeting was held at University of Chicago. Dr. Lewert presented his own work and that of his colleagues at the university. He also outlined other research in progress in the Chicago area.
. Malaria Research. The 1964 fall meeting was held in New York on November 3rd at the New York University School of Medicine. Reports by representatives of the Preventive Medicine Services indicated that their principal concern was the occurrence of Falciparummalaria, a strain resistant to synthetic antimalarials. Dr. Sadun reviewed the current Walter Reed program on malaria research. Dr. Coatney presented a summary of the proceedings of the first meeting of the newly constituted Commission on Malaria. Although malaria had become the responsibility of a new commission, the Commission on Parasitic Diseases continued to be interested in the subject.
. Tulane University Parasitology. The1965 fall meeting was held at Tulane University School of Medicine following the annual meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Dr. Beaver and several staff members presented reports on subjects under investigation at Tulane and at its overseas units in Singapore and in Colombia, South America.
. Hemoflagellate Conference. A conference on hemoflagellates was held at the 1967 spring meeting of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases of the AFEB. Dr. Stauber presided. A general introduction and review of fine structure and differentiation was given by Dr. Trager of Rockefeller University. Three speakers covered topics that included the current knowledge and problems of trypanosomiasis The three speakers also spoke on the Leishmania species. Dr. Neva of Harvard University spoke on Chagas` disease, Dr. Frans Goble of Ciba Pharmaceuticals spoke on chemotherapy, and Dr. Nathan Enter of New York University spoke on immunity. The speakers on leishmaniasis were Dr. Kevin Cahill from St. Clare`s Hospital in New York City, who covered the clinical aspects and epidemiology in Africa; Dr. Bruce Walton of the U.S. Army Research Unit in Panama, who talked about American cutaneous leishmaniasis; and Dr. Stauber of Rutgers University, who spoke on the identification and evaluation of reservoir hosts. Drs. Howard Hopps, D. Price, and D. Weisberg of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Drs. Sadun and E. Fife of the WRAIR; Dr. A. Pipkin of the Naval Medical Research Institute; Dr. T. von Brand of the NIH; and Dr. Young of the Gorgas Laboratory in Panama contributed to the discussions of leish maniasis. In all of the discussions, the special needs for further research were stressed.
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Agenda 0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Thomas Gill for Dr. Gustave J. Dammin, President 0915 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers: Department of the Army-Lieutenant Colonel John Einarson 0945 Recess-Coffee SPECIAL REPORTS-Organized mostly by Elvio Sadun 1000 Lieutenant Colonel Norman E. Wilks, WRAIR: Parasitologic Investigations in Uganda Major Duane G. Erickson, WRAIR, Problems in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria and Amebiasis in Vietnam 1130 Executive Session 1330 LEPTOSPIROSIS CONFERENCE Introductory Remarks-Dr. Frank Neva, Program Chairman Dr. Fred McCrumb, University of Maryland School of Medicine: Clinical Varieties of Leptospirosis in S.E. Asia Dr. A. D. Alexander, WRAIR: Epidemiology of Leptospirosis with Particular Reference to S.E. Asia II. Recent Experience with Leptospirosis in S.E. Asia Lieutenant Colonel L. J. Legters, WRAIR: Known and Suspected Incidence of Leptospirosis in U.S. Military Personnel Captain Andrew Whelton, WRAIR: Management of Renal Failure Dr. A. D. Alexander: Criteria for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis III. Approaches to Leptospirosis Control for the Military Dr. Lyle E. Hanson, Univ. Ill. College of Veterinary Medicine: Experience with Leptospiral Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine, and Considerations for their Use in Man Dr. Fred McCrumb: Treatment of Leptospirosis and Possibilities of Chemoprophylaxis IV. Summing-Up and Open Discussion 1. Feasibility of Environmental Control of Leptospirosis 2. New Information Having Important Implications for Pathogenesis, Control, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Other Participants and Discussants: Dr. Charles D. Cox, Univ. Massachusetts, Dr. Victor M. Arean, Univ. Florida, and Dr. Russell C. Johnson, Univ. Minnesota |
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Leptospirosis Seminar
At the 1967 fall meeting in Philadelphia, leptospirosis was the subject of a half-day seminar organized and moderated by Dr. Neva. Although leptospirosis was known to be endemic in parts of Southeast Asia, it was not being dealt with by any other AFEB commission. Clinical and epidemiological features were presented by Dr. Fred McCrumb of the University of Maryland and by Dr. A. D. Alexander of the WRAIR. Recent experience with the disease in Southeast Asia was reported by Lieutenant Colonel L. J. Legters of WRAIR, Captain Andrew Whalton of WRAIR, and Dr. Alexander. Dr. Lyle Hanson of the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine and Dr. McCrumb discussed approaches the military could take for leptospirosis control. Other discussants were Dr. Charles Cox of the University of Massachusetts, Dr. Victor Arean of the University of Florida, and Dr. Russell Johnson of the University of Minnesota.
Military Laboratory Programs. Also at the 1967 fall meeting of the Commission special
Reports on of research projects at military laboratories were also presented during the 1967 fall meeting of the Commission. Lieutenant Colonel Norman E. Wilks of WRAIR reported on parasitological investigations in Uganda. Major Duane G. Erickson of WRAIR reported on problems in the laboratory diagnoses of malaria and amebiasis in Vietnam. Dr. Robert S. Desowitz of SEATO reported on the scope of the SEATO parasitological program and on SEATO plans for the program in the near future. Colonel Stefano Vivano of WRAIR reported on the overseas components of WRAIR. Lieutenant Colonel James C. Burke of WRAIR outlined the WRAIR global medicine course in parasitology.
Lieutenant Colonel Legters of WRAIR reported on the military significance of filariasis and schistosomiasis in Vietnam and Dr. John Cross of he Naval Medical Research Unit-2 (NAMRU-2) reported on capillariasis in the Philippines.
Filariasis Program
At the 1968 fall meeting held at WRAIR, a half-day symposium on filariasis was held, consisting of a film on filariasis with introduction and comment by Colonel Lyman Frick and Dr. Donald Price;
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Agenda 0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director 0915 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers: Department of the Army-Lieutenant Colonel John Einarson 1030 Recess-Coffee 1045 Research at Overseas Military Installations-Dr. Elvio H. Sadun 1245 Recess-Lunch 1345 Executive Session Status of TB-MEDS, Drugs for Parasitic Diseases, Discussion of Grants, Contracts, Progress Reports, Personnel, Consideration of Short- and Long-Term Plans of Commission, Program of Fall Meeting
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interpretation of microfilaremia by Dr. Guillermo Pacheco; immunological aspects and hypersensitivity by Dr. D. J. Stechschulte; serodiagnosis by Dr. Sadun and Dr. Ralph Duxbury; filariasis in Vietnam by Major Edward Colwell and Lt. Duane R. Armstrong; pulmonary filariasis by Dr. Beaver; pathogenesis of onchocercal dermatitis by Dr. Daniel Connor; and prophylaxis and treatment by Dr. Most.
Latin American Parasitic Diseases
At the 1969 spring meeting at WRAIR, reports on special problems of parasitic diseases in Latin America were presented. Dr. Hopps of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology reported on the Amazon Basin, Dr. Alfred Buck of The Johns Hopkins University gave a summary of findings in a survey of parasitic infections in the Upper Amazon of the Andean Region, Dr. Bryce Waltonr eviewed the problem of leishmaniasis in South and Central America, and Dr. Young described the research program at the Gorgas Laboratory in Panama.
Immunology Symposium
On the 2nd day of the 1969 fall meeting, a 10-paper symposium was held on immunity in relation to parasitic diseases. Dr. H. N. Eisen spoke on immunization, Dr. K. F. Austen on allergy and hypersensitivity, G. B. Mackanesson mechanisms of resistance, J. S. Remington on immunoglobulins in toxoplasmosis, Dr. J. F. Barbaro on histamine release in schistosomiasis, Dr. E. J. L. Soulsby on cell-mediated immune response, Dr. C. W. Kim on delayed hypersensitivity and lymphocyte transformation, Dr. Kenneth S. Warren on granuloma formation in schistosomiasis, Dr. R. T. Damian on antigens common to host and parasite, and Dr. Sadun on immunization with irradiated parasites.
Special Reports
At the 1970 spring meeting, held at WRAIR, four special reports were presented. Major E. S. Colwell described a study at WRAIR on the invitro leukocyte and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in experimental trichinosis and schistosomiasis. Current information on filariasis in Vietnam was summarized by Captain T. J. Sullivan, concluding that Malayan filariasis had not been found in South Viet Nam and Bancroftian filariasis was uncommon in military personnel. Lieutenant Colonel Dale Wykoff reported that leish maniasishad become endemic throughout much of East Africa and that both Gambian and Rhodesian trypanosomiasis had again become prevalent there. Dr. Louis Olivier of Pan American Health Organization reported on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas` disease and leishmaniasis in South America.
Schistosomiasis Symposium
At the 1970 fall meeting at WRAIR a symposium was held ons chistosomiasis covering in-depth the results of current investigations in nine leading laboratories. The program, reported by Dr. Sadun, included pathogenesis in primates, immediate hypersensitivity, radioactive microprecipitin assay, and prophylactic and suppressive drugs in primates. Dr. George M. Davis of the 406th U.S. Army Medical Laboratory described programs in experimental treatment for schistosomiasis, and in medical malacology. Dr. Margaret Stirewalt, of the Naval Medical Research Institute, reported work on skin invasion
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by cercariae and prevention of invasion. Captain D. C. Kent described the research on schistosomiasis at NAMRU-2. This included studies on treatment, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology. The program at NIH, reported by Dr. A. W. Cheever, consisted of studies on pathogenesis in mammalian hosts and on genetics of vector snails. The work at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, reported by Dr. von Lichtenberg, was mainly in the areas of pathogenesis and immunology, a large part of which was performed in collaboration with the group at WRAIR.
Work at the Harvard University School of Public Health, presented by Dr. Weller, was centered on factors in the invasion of host snails by miracidia in Dr. Eli Chernin`s laboratory, pathogens of snails investigated by Dr. Edward Michelsen, and specific antigens in the urine of heavily infected animals and attempts to obtain cultures of cells from Schistosomamansoni in progress by Dr. Weller and associates.
Research on the control of schistosomiasis in endemic areas of St. Lucia was reported by the team leader, Dr. P. Jordan. At The Johns Hopkins University, research on schistosomiasis, reported by Dr. Bueding, was directed toward describing the pharmacological characteristics of old and new antischistosomal drugs.
COMMISSION-SPONSORED SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
Among the parasitic diseases of military concern, schistosomiasis and filariasis were considered to be of greatest importance. With the advent of chloroquine resistance of falciparum malaria and mosquito resistance t oinsecticides, malaria assumed high priority status. A chief purpose of the Commission was to sponsor research investigations designed to solve problems in the prevention and management of these three diseases. Added later to the priority list were leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, amebiasis, and others.
Schistosomiasis
Several different aspects of the schistosomiasis problem were investigated. The biology of the snail intermediate host was investigated in a study by Dr. E. D. Wagner at Loma Linda and a long series of studies by Dr. Henry van der Schalie and his group of malacologists at University of Michigan. Possible prevention of infection by inhibition of skin penetration by the infective larvae (cercariae) was investigated by Drs. Hardy A. Kemp and George W. Hunter, III, the mechanisms of cercarial penetration of the skin and immune reactions to infection were studied by Dr. Robert Lewert, and the pathogenesis of the disease was the subject of investigations by Dr. Warren and by Dr. von Lichtenberg. Studies designed to isolate specific antigens from larval and adults chistosomes were undertaken by Dr. Niam Kent. Although early progress was satisfactory, because of a change in location, the project was discontinued without reported results.
Dr. Wagner`s studies were performed on Oncomelaniaquadrasi from the Philippines, Oncomelanianosophora from Japan, and Oncomelania hupensis and Oncomelaniaformosana from Taiwan. Laboratory observations on methods of cultivation and conditions affecting reproduction and survival were followed by field observations by Dr. Wagner and his assistant, Dr. Lois Wong Chi, in the Philippines and Japan. Of special interest was the finding that when the four species were crossed, fertile hybrids were produced. Results of the 5-year study were published in the following reports.
. Chi, L. W., and Wagner, E. D. A rapid method of sexing snails, Oncomelania nosophora. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1954, 73, 66-67.
. Chi, L. W., and Wagner, E. D. Some effects of ultraviolet radiation on Oncomelania nosophora and Oncomelania quadrasi, snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma japonicum. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1956, 75, 204-210.
. Chi, L. W., and Wagner, E. D. Studies on reproduction and growth of Oncomelania quadrasi, O. nosophora, and O. formosana, snail hosts of Schistosoma japonicum. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1957, 6, 949-959.
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Wagner, E. D., and Chi, L. W. Some factors influencing egg laying in Oncomelania nosophora and Oncomelania quadrasi, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma japonicum. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.1956, 5, 544-552.
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Wagner, E. D., and Chi, L. W. Egg-laying inhibition in Oncomelania nosophora maintained on filter paper. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1957, 6, 946-948.
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Wagner, E. D., and Chi, L. W. Methods on the rearing of the snail, Oncomelania species. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1959, 78, 421-423.
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Wagner, E. D., and Chi, L. W. Species crossing in Oncomelania. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1959, 8,195-198.
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Wagner, E. D., and Moore, B. Effects of water level fluctuation on egg laying in Oncomelanianosophora and Oncomelania quadrasi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1957, 5, 553-558.
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Wagner, E. D., and Moore, B. The development of Schistosoma mansoni in snails kept at certain constant temperatures. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1959, 78, 424-428.
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Winkler, L. R., and Wagner, E. D. Filter paper digestion by the crystalline style in Oncomelania. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1959, 78, 262-268.
Initially, Dr. van der Schalie`s studies were mainly field observations on the environmental conditions at sites in Michigan where stable populations of Pomatiopsis snails were found. This snail, Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis in Michigan, was noted to be "almost identical to Oncomelania, th evector of Oriental schistosomiasis," and therefore might have direct application to the control of Schistosoma japonicum in Asia. The project proved to be of greatest value in serving to train malacologists, and to provide infected snails and experimental animals for research by workers elsewhere in the United States. In the later years of this program, snail hosts of Schistosomamansoni and Schistosomahaematobium were included and Dr. van der Schalie`s laboratory provided research materials for numerous other workers, and emphasis was placed on describing methods of cultivation. Attempts to propagate Lithoglyphopsisaperta, the snail host of Schistosomamekongi, were unsuccessful. The large number of collaborators and colleagues and the range of subjects studied are evident in published articles, as follows:
. Burch, J. B. A serological approach to molluscan systematics. Papua New Guinea Sci. Soc. Annu. Rep. Proc. 1967, 18, 29-36.
. Burch, J. B. Cytological relationships of some Pacific gastropods. Venus Japan. J. Malacol.1967, 25 (3-4).
. Burch, J. B., and Lindsay, G. K. Some immunological relationships in the African genus Bulinus. Annu. Rep. Am. Malacol. Union 1966, 37-38.
. Burch, J. B., and Lindsay, G. K. Electrophoretic analysis of esterases in Bulinus. Annu. Rep. Am. Malacol. Union 1967, 39-40.
. Davis, G. M. Notes on Hydrobiiae tottem. Venus Japan. J. Malacol. 1966,25, 27-42.
. Davis, G. M. The systematic relationship of Pomatiopsislapidaria and Oncomelaniahypensis formosana (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia1967, 6, 1-143.
. Davis, G. M. A systematic study of Oncomelaniahypensis chiui (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia1968, 7, 17-70.
. Davis, G. M., and Lindsay, G. K. Disc electrophoretic analysis of molluscan individuals and populations. Malacologia 1967, 5, 311-334.
. Davis, G. M., Moose, J. W., and Williams, J. E. Abnormal development in a hybrid Oncomelania (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia 1965, 3, 81-102.
. Habe, T., and Burch, J. B. A new species of freshwater limpet, genus Ferrissia,from Japan. Venus, Japan. J. Malacol. 1965, 24,1-7.
. Liang, Y S. The effect of water quality on laboratory culturing of Biomphalariapfeifferi and Bulinus globosus. Malacol. Rev. 1972,5, 11.
. Lo, C. T. Survey for the molluscan hosts of Schistosomajaponicum in Laos. WHO-WPRO Assignment Report. 1969.
. Lo, C. T. Chromosomes of Fasciolopsis buski (Trematoda: Fasciolidae). Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sinica 1969, 8, 1-5.
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Lo, C. T. Some abnormal tentacles and eyes of Pachydrobia pellucida Bavay, 1895 (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Venus, Japan. J. Malacol. 1970, 28, 185-188.
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Lo, C. T. Compatibility and host-parasite relationship between species of the genus Bulinus (Basommatophora: Planorbidae) and an Egyptian strain of Schistosoma haematobium (Trematoda, Digenea). Malacologia 1972, 11, 225-280.
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Lo, C. T., Berry, E. G., and Iijima, T. Studies on schistosomiasis in the Mekong Basin. II. Malacological investigations on human Schistosoma from Laos. Chinese J. Microbiol. 1971, 4, 168-181.
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Lo, C. T., Burch, J. B., and Schutte, C. H. J. Infection of diploid Bulinus s.s. with Schistosoma haematobium (Tremaoda: Digenea). Malacol. Rev. 1970, 3, 121-126.
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Patterson, C. M. Chromosome numbers of some Japanese freshwater snails. Venus, Jap. J. Malacol. 1967, 25, 69-72.
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van der Schalie, H. The role of snail intermediate hosts in culturing Schistosoma japonicum. Malacologia 1967, 5, 17-20.
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van der Schalie, H. Snail control problems in Hawaii. Annu. Rep. Am. Malacol. Union 1969, 55-56.
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van der Schalie, H. Problems in culturing snail intermediate hosts. Malacol. Rev. 1972, 5, 10.
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van der Schalie, H., and Davis, G. M. Growth and stunting in Oncomelania (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Malacologia 1965, 3, 81-102.
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van der Schalie, H., and Davis, G. M. Culturing Oncomelania snails (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) for studies of Oriental schistosomiasis. Malacologia 1968, 6, 321-367.
Dr. Lewert`s program began with a basic study of the mechanism of skin penetration by the schistosome cercaria. It was thought that with a fundamental knowledge of cercarial penetration, an effective protective ointment could be made for use in prophylaxis. When this approach failed to show promise, immune resistance of the snail host to penetration and development of miracidia was briefly studied. This was followed by an extended period of research on the immune reactions of humans and other mammalian hosts to schistosome infection. The immunological studies of Dr. Lewert were coordinated with those of Dr. Mariano Yogore. For their field studies in endemic areas in the Philippines, they developed and successfully applied a circumoval precipitin test that reliably showed characteristic differences in reactions at different stages of infection and before and after successful treatment. The significant findings were reported in the following published articles:
. Dusanic, D. G., and Lewert, R. M. Electrophoretic studies of the antigen-antibody complexes of Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni. J. Infect. Dis. 1966, 116, 270-284.
. Kloetzel, K., and Lewert, R. M. Pigment formation in Schistosoma mansoni infections in the white mouse. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 28-31.
. Lee, C. L., and Lewert, R. M. The maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni in the laboratory. J. Infect. Dis. 1956, 99, 15-20.
. Lee, C. L., and Lewert, R. M. Studies on the presence of mucopoly-saccharidase in penetrating helminth larvae. J. Infect. Dis. 1957, 101, 287-294.
. Lee, C. L., and Lewert, R. M. The distribution of various reactants in human anti-Schistosoma mansoni serums fractionated by starch electrophoresis. J. Infect. Dis. 1960, 106, 69-76.
. Lewert, R. M. Invasiveness of helminth larvae. Symposium on Resistance and Immunity in Parasitic Infections. Rice Inst. Pamphlet 1958, 45, 97-113.
. Lewert, R. M., and Dusanic, D. G. Effects of a symmetrical diaminodibenzylalkane on alkaline phosphatase of Schistosoma mansoni. J. Infect. Dis. 1961, 109, 85-89.
. Lewert, R. M., and Hopkins, D. R. Histochemical demonstration of calcium in preacetabular glands of cercariae and the role of calcium ions in invasiveness. J. Parasitol. 1964, 50, 30.
. Lewert, R. M., and Hopkins, D. R. Cholinesterase activity in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. J. Parasitol. 1965, 51, 616.
. Lewert, R. M., Hopkins, D. R., and Mandlowitz, S. The role of calcium and magnesium ions in invasiveness of schistosome cercariae. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 314-323.
. Lewert, R. M., and Lee, C. L. Quantitative studies of the collagenase-like enzymes of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the larvae of Strongyloides ratti. J. Infect. Dis. 1956, 99, 1-14.
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Lewert, R. M., and Lee, C. L. The collagenase-like enzymes of skin-penetrating helminths. Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg. 1957, 6, 473-477.
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Lewert, R. M., Lee, C. L., Mandlowitz, S., and Dusanic, D. Inhibition of the collagenase-like enzymes of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni by serums and serum fractions. J. Infect. Dis. 1959, 105, 180-187.
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Lewert, R. M., and Mandlowitz, S. Innate immunity to Schistosoma mansoni relative to the state of connective tissue. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1963, 113, 54-62.
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Lewert, R. M., and Para, B. J. The physiological incorporation of carbon 14 in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. J. Infect. Dis.1966, 116, 171-182.
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Lewert, R. M., and Yogore, M. G., Jr. A field circumoval precipitin (FCOP) test for Schistosomiasis japonica. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1969, 63, 343-348.
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Mandlowitz, S., Dusanic, D., and Lewert, R. M. Peptidase and lipase activity of extracts of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. J. Parasitol. 1960, 46, 89-90.
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Yogore, M. G., Jr., Lewert, R. M., Garcia, E. G., Madraso, E. D., and Ramos, E. R. Analysis of Schistosoma japonicum antigens by micro-Ouchterlony technic. In: Proceedings of the First Regional Symposium on Scientific Knowledge of Tropical Parasites, University of Singapore, 1962, 267.
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Yogore, M. G., Jr., Lewert, R. M., and Silan, R. B. The circumoval precipitin (COP) test in schistosomiasis japonica. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1968, 17, 65-71.
In the period 1 September to 28 February 1956, Drs. Kemp and Dr. Hunter tested 247 ointment preparations for their inhibiting effect on the penetration of schistosome cercariae through the skin of the laboratory mouse. Forty-six of these ointments were effective. However, it was felt that before further screening, the most promising ones should be subjected to intensive toxicologic investigation. This apparently was not followed up.
In August 1964, Dr. Warren began a broad program of studies on the "Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis." Using white mice exposed to precisely determined numbers of cercariae, he and associates Donald E. Moore and Donald Ostrow, conducted studies on a comparison of hepato-splenic disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, hepato-splenic disease caused by Schistosoma mansoni from different geographic regions (Puerto Rico, Brazil, Egypt, Tanzania), survival of Schistosoma mansoni in relation to hepatic fibrosis, character of pigment produced by Schistosoma mansoni, and suppressive effect of chloramphenicol on development of Schistosoma mansoni in the snail host. In subsequent years, and with additional associates (Drs. R. J. Stenger, E. O. Domingo, R. B. T. Cowan, A. S. Weisberger, P. A. Peters, and J. A. Jane), he expanded the program with experiments on claypipe-stem cirrhosis-like lesions in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni; ultrastructure of liver in acute and chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection; hepatoma in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice; effects of immunosuppression and neonatal thymectomy on granuloma formation in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice; effects of Schistosoma mansoni on intestinal absorption; factors in virulence of Schistosoma mansoni; comparative susceptibility of squirrel monkey, slow loris, and tree shrew to Schistosoma mansoni infection; and effects of metabolic inhibitors, molluscicides, and schistosomicides on development of Schistosoma mansoni in its snail host. Most of these studies were completed with the results reported and published.
In the 2-year period beyond 1 August 1967, Dr. Warren and his several associates (Drs. Domingo, M. S. Rosenthal, L. B. Liu, Stenger, and L. Klein) directed their research on the mechanisms of immunity in schistosomiasis. Using the rat as the experimental mammalian host, they found that in the early stages of Schistosoma mansoni infection the response could not be enhanced or accelerated by the transfer of either serum or cells from histo compatible rats with late stages of infection at a time when the donor animals had largely eliminated their own infections. Results of these and earlier studies were reported in the publications listed below:
. Domingo, E. O., Cowan, R. B. T., and Warren, K. S. The inhibition of granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs. I. Immunosuppressive drugs. Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg.1967, 16, 284-292.
. Domingo, E. O., and Warren, K. S. The inhibition of granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs. II. Thymectomy. Am. J. Pathol. 1967, 51, 757-767.
. Domingo, E. O., and Warren, K. S. The inhibition of granuloma formation around Schistosoma
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mansoni eggs. III. Heterologous antilymphocyte serum. Am. J. Pathol. 1968, 52, 613-626.
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Domingo, E. O., and Warren, K. S. Endogenous desensitization: Changing host granulomatous response to schistosome eggs at different stages of infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Pathol. 1968, 52, 369-377.
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Domingo, E. O., and Warren, K. S. Pathology and pathophysiology of the small intestine in murine schistosomiasis mansoni, including a review of the literature. Gastroenterology 1969, 56, 231-240.
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Domingo, E. O., Warren, K. S., and Stenger, R. J. Increased incidence of hepatoma in mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni treated with a carcinogen. Am. J. Pathol. 1967, 51, 307-321.
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Liu, L. B., Domingo, E. O., Stenger, R. J., Warren, K. S., Confer, D. B., and Johnson, E. A. An ultrastructural study of the toxic and carcinogenic effects of 2-amino-5-azotoluene on the livers of schistosome-infected and uninfected mice. Cancer Res. 1969, 29, 837-847.
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Moore, D. E., and Warren, K. S. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica compared in mice each infected with one pair of worms. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 61,104-109.
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Stenger, R. J., Warren, K. S., and Johnson, E. A. An electron microscopic study of the liver parenchyma and schistosome pigment in murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 16, 473-482.
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Stenger, R. J., Warren, K. S., and Johnson, E. A. An ultrastructural study of hepatic granulomas and schistosome egg shells in murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. Exp. Molec. Pathol. 1967, 7, 116-132.
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Warren, K. S. The pathogenesis of "clay-pipe stem cirrhosis" in mice with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni with a note on the longevity of the schistosomes. Am. J. Pathol. 1966, 49, 477-489.
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Warren, K. S. A comparison of Puerto Rican, Brazilian, Egyptian and Tanzanian strains of Schistosoma mansoni in mice: Penetration of cercariae, maturation of schistosomes and production of liver disease. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 61, 795-802.
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Warren, K. S. Studies on the treatment of molluscan schistosomiasis mansoni with antibiotics, non-antibiotic metabolic inhibitors, molluscicides and anti-schistosomal agents. Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 61, 368-372.
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Warren, K. S., Domingo, E. O., and Cowan, R. B. T. Granuloma formation around schistosome eggs as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity. Am. J. Pathol. 1967, 51, 735-756.
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Warren, K. S., and Jane, J. A. Comparative susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni of the squirrel monkey, the slow loris and the tree shrew. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 61, 534-537.
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Warren, K. S., and Klein, L. Chronic murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: Relative irreversibility after treatment. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1969, 63, 333-337.
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Warren, K. S., and Moore, D. E. Murine hepatosplenic schistosomiasis japonica. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 22-27.
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Warren, K. S., and Peters, P. A. Quantitative aspects of exposure time and cercarial dispersion on penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1967, 61, 294-301.
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Warren, K. S., and Peters, P. A. Comparison of penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in the hamster, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit and rat. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1967, 16, 718-722.
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Warren, K. S., Rosenthal, M. S., and Domingo, E. O. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV3) infection in chronic murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Bull. N.Y Acad. Med. 1969, 45, 211-224.
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Warren, K. S., and Weisberger, A. S. The suppression of schistosomiasis in snails by chloramphenicol. Nature 1966, 209, 422-423.
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Warren, K. S., and Weisberger, A. S. The treatment of molluscan schistosomiasis mansoni with chloramphenicol. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 342-350.
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Warren, K. S., and Weisberger, A. S. Molluscan schistosomiasis mansoni: Effect of two analogues of chloramphenicol on both parasite and host. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1967, 124, 789-791.
In 1961, Dr. von Lichtenberg began studies on schistosomiasis under the title"Host Parasite Relationships in Normal and Abnormal Hosts of Schistosomidae." On 1 March 1965 the title was changed
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to "Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infections." At that time, three studies performed in collaboration with Drs. Salvador Jaimes, Peter Peterson and Alfred Senft, respectively, had been completed: (1) Fluorescent antibody titers in mice infected with normal cercariae, radiated cercariae, and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni; (2) Invivo antigenicity of sequestered schistosome egg antigen in experimental pseudo tubercles of S. mansoni; (3) Nonantigenicity of dialyzed culture medium after incubation of live, mating schistosome worms.
At this time, investigative emphasis shifted from immunology to pathogenesis, and a different group of collaborators became involved. With Dr. Sadun and others at WRAIR and Dr. Cheever and others at the NIH, a series of investigations compared schistosomiasis disease processes in several lower primates, including the chimpanzee. Examined also were differencesin the pathological changes and pathogenesis produced by various geographic strains of the parasite in humans and experimental animals. Notable observations were made on the Hoeppli phenomenon. A major contribution was made with Dr. C.M. Edington and others on the pathological effects of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria, with Dr. J. H. Smith on the ultrastructure of the schistosomeintegument, urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt, and on tissue degradation of Schistosomahaematobium eggs. Other notable results were obtained from collaborative studies with Dr. D. H. Kelley on abnormal schistosome egg shell material in tissues, with Dr. P. Jordan and others on experimental schistosomiasis in primates in Tanzania, with Dr. T. M. Smith and others on phospholipids in the schistosome granuloma, and with Dr. H. A. Dunsford and others on granulomas caused by bentonite and latex carrier particles. Results of studies completed orin progress as of June 1972 were reported in the following published articles:
. Bruce, J. I., von Lichtenberg, F., Schoenbechler, M. J., and Hickman, R. L. The role of splenectomy in the natural and acquired resistance of rhesus monkeys to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. J. Parasitol. 1966, 52, 831.
. Cavallo, T., Galvanek, E. G., Ward, P. A., and von Lichtenberg, F. The nephropathy of experimental hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Am. J. Pathol. 1974, 26, 433-445.
. Cheever, A. W., Erickson, D. G., Sadun, E. H., and von Lichtenberg, F. Schistosoma japonicum infection in monkeys and baboons; parasitological and pathological findings. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 51-64.
. Dunsford, H. A., Lucia, H. L., Doughty, B. L., and von Lichtenberg, F. Artificial granulomas using bentonite and latex carrier particles. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 203-217.
. Edington, G. M., von Lichtenberg, F., Nwabuebo, I., Taylor, J. R., and Smith, J. H. Pathologic effects of schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Western State of Nigeria. I. Incidence and intensity of infection, distribution and severity of lesions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 982-995.
. Erickson, D. G., Lucia, H. L., von Lichtenberg, F., Cheever, A. W., and Sadun, E. H. Schistosoma haematobium infections in five species of primates. Exp. Parasitol. 1971, 29, 128-137.
. Erickson, D. G., von Lichtenberg, F., Sadun, E. H., Lucia, H. L., and Hickman, R. L. Comparison of Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infections in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus. J. Parasitol. 1971, 57, 543-558
. Jaimes, S., and von Lichtenberg, F. Host response to eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. IV Fluorescent antibody titers in mice infected with normal cercariae, gamma-radiated cercariae and with purified eggs. Am. J. Trop., Med. Hyg. 1965, 14, 727-735.
. Jordan, P., von Lichtenberg, F., and Goatly, K. D. Experimental schistosomiasis in primates in Tanzania. Preliminary observations on the susceptibility of the baboon, Papio anubis to Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni. Bull. W.H.O. 1968, 37, 393-403.
. Kelley, D. H., and von Lichtenberg, F. "Abnormal" schistosome oviposition: Origin of aberrant shell structures and their appearance in human tissues. Am. J. Pathol. 1970, 60, 271-287.
. Peterson, W. P, and von Lichtenberg, F. Studies on granuloma formation. IV. In vivo antigenicity of schistosome egg antigen in lung tissue. J. Immunol. 1965, 95, 959-965.
. Reid, W. A., and von Lichtenberg, F. Experimental Schistosoma japonicum in miniature pigs. J. Parasitol. 1977, 63, 392-394.
. Ritchie, L. S., Knight, W. B., McMullen, D. B., and von Lichtenberg, F. The influence of infection
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intensity of Schistosoma mansoni on resistance against existing and subsequent infections in Macaca mulatta monkeys. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 43-49.
. Sadun, E. H., Erickson, D. G., von Lichtenberg, E, and Cheever, A. W. Schistosoma mansoni in the chimpanzee. The natural history of chronic infections following single and multiple exposures. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 258-277.
. Sadun, E. H., Reid, W. A., Cheever, A. W., Duvall, R. H., Swan, K. G., Kent, K. M., Bruce, J. I., and von Lichtenberg, F. Effects of portacaval shunting on Schistosoma japonicum infection in chimpanzees: Dissociation of pipe stem fibrosis and glomerulopathy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1975, 24, 619-631.
. Sadun, E. H., von Lichtenberg, F., and Bruce, J. I. Comparative susceptibility and pathology of Manson`s schistosomiasis in 10 species of sub-human primates. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 705-718.
. Sadun, E. H., von Lichtenberg, F., Cheever, A. W., Erickson, D. G., and Hickman, R. L. Experimental infections with Schistosoma haematobium in chimpanzees: Parasitologic, clinical, serologic and pathologic observations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1970, 19, 437-458.
. Sadun, E. H., von Lichtenberg, F., Erickson, D. G., Cheever, A. W. Bueding, E. E., and Anderson, J. S. Effects of chemotherapy on the evolution of schistosomiasis japonica in chimpanzees. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 639-661.
. Sadun, E. H., von Lichtenberg, F., Hickman, R. I., Bruce, J. I., Smith, J. H., and Schoenbechler, M. J. Schistosomiasis mansoni in the chimpanzee: Parasitological, clinical, serological, pathological and radiological observations. Am. J. Trop., Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 496-506.
. Smith, J. H., Kamel, I. A., Elwi, A., and von Lichtenberg, F. A quantitative postmortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. I. Pathology and pathogenesis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.1974, 23, 1054-1071.
. Smith, J. H., Kamel, I. A., Elwi, A., and von Lichtenberg, F. A quantitative postmortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Evolution and epidemiology. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1975, 24, 806-822.
. Smith, T. M., Lucia, H. L., Doughty, B. L., and von Lichtenberg, F. The role of phospholipids in schistosome granulomas. J. Infect. Dis. 1971, 123, 629-639.
. Smith, J. H., Reynolds, E. S., and von Lichtenberg, F. The integument of Schistosoma mansoni. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1969, 18, 28-49.
. Smith, J. H., and von Lichtenberg, F. The Hoeppli phenomenon in schistosomiasis. II. Histochemistry. Am. J. Pathol. 1967, 50, 993-1007.
. Smith, J. H., and von Lichtenberg, F. Observations on the ultrastructure of the tegument of Schistosoma mansoni in mesenteric veins. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 71-77.
. Smith, J. H., and von Lichtenberg, F. Tissue degradation of calcific Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1976, 25, 595-601.
. von Lichtenberg, F. Studies on granuloma formation. III. Antigen sequestration and destruction in the schistosome pseudotubercle. Am. J. Pathol. 1964, 45, 75-93.
. von Lichtenberg, F. Mechanisms of schistosome immunity. In: Mostofi, F. K., ed., Bilharziasis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1967, 286-300.
. von Lichtenberg, F. The bilharzial pseudotubercle: A model of the immunopathology of granuloma formation. In: Immunological Aspects of Parasitic Infection. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization, 1967, 107-120. PAHO Sci. Publ. No. 150.
. von Lichtenberg, F. Portal hypertension and schistosomiasis. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci.1970, 170, 100-114.
. von Lichtenberg, F. Experimental approaches to human schistosomiasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1977, 26, 79-87.
. von Lichtenberg, F. Immunopathologic mechanisms in parasitic infection with emphasis on schistosomiasis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1978, 9, 186-204.
. von Lichtenberg, F., Bawden, M. P., and Shealey, S. H. Origin of circulating antigen from the schistosome gut. An immunofluorescent study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1974, 23, 1088-1091.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Edington, G. M., Nwabuebo, I., Taylor, J., and Smith, J. H. The pathology of schistosomiasis in Ibadan, Western State of Nigeria. II. Pathogenesis of lesions of the bladder and ureter. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1971, 20, 244-254.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Erickson, D. G., and Sadun, E. H. Comparative histopathology of schistosome granulomas in hamsters. Am. J. Pathol. 1973, 72,149-175.
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von Lichtenberg, F., and Raslavicius, P. Host response to eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. V. Reactions to purified miracidia and egg shells, to viable and to heat-killed whole eggs. Lab. Invest. 1967, 16, 892.
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von Lichtenberg, F., and Sadun, E. H. Parasite migration and host reaction in mice exposed to irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Exp. Parasitol. 1963, 13, 256-265.
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von Lichtenberg, F., and Sadun, E. H. Experimental production of bilharzial pipe stem fibrosis in the chimpanzee. Exp. Parasitol. 1968, 22, 264-278.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Sadun, E. H., and Bruce, J. I. Host response to eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. III. The role of eggs in resistance. J. Infect. Dis. 1963, 113, 113-122.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Sadun, E. H., and Bruce, J. Renal lesions in Schistosoma japonicum infected rabbits. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 66, 505-507.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Sadun, E. H., Cheever, A.W. Erickson, D. G., Johnson, A. J., and Boyce, H. W. Experimental infection with Schistosoma japonicum in chimpanzees. Parasitologic, clinical, serologic and pathologic observations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1971, 20, 850-893.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Sher, A., and McIntyre, S. A lung model of schistosome immunity in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 1977, 87, 105-123.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Smith, J. H., and Cheever, A. W. The Hoeppli phenomenon in schistosomiasis. Comparative pathology and immunopathology. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 15, 886-895.
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von Lichtenberg, F., Smith, T. M., Lucia, H.L., and Doughty, B. L. A new model for schistosome granuloma formation using a soluble egg antigen and bentonite particles. Nature 1970, 229, 199-200.
Filariasis
In 1963 and 1964, Dr. Rozeboom, in collaboration with Dr. Benjamin D. Cabrera, conducted a study of the epidemiology of filariasis in the Philippine Islands. They showed that in addition to the widespread abaca growing areas in which filariasis was known to be endemic, the basic endemicity of the disease involved rural foci with Anophelesminimus flavirostris the chief vector. They also found a focus of subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in a swamp forest area on the west coast of Palawan, in which microfilaremia rates up to 64% were found in some communities. Infection rates in children under 5 years of age were as high as those in older age groups. The findings were reported in the following publications:
. Cabrera, B. D., and Rozeboom, L. E. Filariasis in Palawan, Philippine Islands. Nature 1964, 202, 725-726.
. Cabrera, B. D., and Rozeboom, L. E. The periodicity characteristics of the filaria parasites of man in the Republic of the Philippines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1965, 81, 192-199.
. Cabrera, B. D., and Rozeboom, L. E. The occurrence of Dirofilaria magnilarvatum Price and Brugia specie in Philippine monkeys. Acta Med. Philip. 1965, 1, 119-123.
. Rozeboom, L. E., and Cabrera, B. D. Transmission of filariasis in the Philippine Islands by Anopheles minimus flavirostris Ludlow. Nature 1963, 200, 915.
. Rozeboom, L. E., and Cabrera, B. D. Filariasis in Mountain Province Luzon, Republic of the Philippines. J. Med. Entomol. 1964, 1, 18-28.
. Rozeboom, L. E., and Cabrera, B. D. Filariasis caused by Brugia malayi in the Republic of the Philippines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1965, 81, 200-215.
. Rozeboom, L. E., and Cabrera, B. D. Filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti in Palawan, Republic of the Philippines. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1965, 81, 216-221.
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Filariasis and Tropical Eosinophilia
In 1955, under the title, "Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia," a collaborative study directed by Dr. Beaver of Tulane University was initiated at the University of Malaya Faculty of Medicine in Singapore. That site was selected because tropical eosinophilia, newly described in India in the early 1940s as a disease of unknown etiology, had recently been reported as commonly seen in Singapore. Singapore collaborators were Dr. T. J. Danaraj, Department of Medicine, and Dr. A. A. Sandosham, Department of Parasitology.
In the first 3 years of the project, the principal professional assistant was John Schacher, a Tulane graduate student, and the main objective was to examine the case histories, pathologic tissues, and related environmental conditions for clues to the causative parasite in cases of tropical eosinophilia. Examination of dogs, cats, and other animals commonly associated with people revealed no unusual parasites. Intradermal and serological tests, along with response to treatment, suggested filarial infection as a probable cause of tropical eosinophilia.
At this stage (1960), the project title was changed to "Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia." Schacher resumed graduate studies at Tulane, and Pacheco, a postdoctoral fellow, was sent to Singapore. At Tulane, Schacher did detailed studies on a candidate filaria, Brugiapahangi, in the cat and mosquito hosts. Anotherg raduate student, Ming Ming Wong, performed experimental studies on Dirofilariaimmitis, the heartworm of dogs, by examining the determining factors in levels of microfilaremia. In the Singapore studies, intensive examination of serially sectioned lung biopsies revealed the presence of microfilariae being destroyed in granulomas. This strongly suggested that tropical eosinophilia is an aberrant form of filariasis. Filariasis without microfilaremia, including cases of tropical eosinophilia, was a major problem in the Pacific area during World War II.
For a better understanding of the nature of the disease, Pacheco returned to Tulane, and postdoctoral fellows Wong and Hong Fang Lee were sent to The Institute for Medical Research (IMR) in Kuala Lumpur to resume collaboration with Dr. Danaraj. After 1 year, the Kuala Lumpur studies were discontinued for lack of suitable case material.
A final study involving a collaboration of Dr. T. C. Orihel and a graduate student, M. H. Johnson, turned attention again to the question of factors that determine the level of microfilaremia. With Dipetalonemaviteae in birds, it was shown that below a critical level of infection with the adult worm, the level of microfilaremia is not determined by the number of microfilaria-producing worms.
Published results of the studies completed in Singapore and at Tulane follow:
. Beaver, P C., and Danaraj, T. J. Pulmonary ascariasis resembling eosinophilic lung. Autopsy report with description of larvae in the bronchioles. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1958, 7, 100-111.
. Beaver, P C., Orihel, T. C., and Johnson,M. H. Dipetalonema viteae in the experimentally infected bird, Merionesunguiculatus. II. Microfilaremia in relation to worm burden. J. Parasitol. 1974, 60, 310-315.
. Carnegie, P. R., and Pacheco, G. Immunochromatography: A combination chromatography and immunodiffusion on a micro-scale. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1964, 117, 137-141.
. Danaraj, T. J. The treatment of eosinophilic lung(tropical eosinophilia) with hetrazan. A preliminary report. Proc. Alumni Assoc. Malaya 1956, 9, 172-187.
. Danaraj, T. J. The treatment of eosinophilic lung(tropical eosinophilia) with diethylcarbamazine. Q. J. Med. NZ 1958, 27,243-263.
. Danaraj, T. J. Pathologic studies in eosinophilic lung(tropical eosinophilia). Arch. Pathol. 1959, 67, 515-524.
. Danaraj, T. J., Pacheco, G., Shanmugaratnam, K., and Beaver, P. C. The etiology and pathology of eosinophilic lung (tropicaleosinophilia). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1956, 15, 183-189.
. Danaraj, T. J., and Schacher, J. F. Intradermal tests with Dirofilaria immitis extract in eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia).Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1956, 8, 640-643
. Danaraj, T. J., Schacher, J. F., and Colless, D. H. Filariasis in Singapore. Med. J. Malaya 1958, 12, 605-612.
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Danaraj, T. J., da Silva, L. S., and Schacher, J. E The filarial complement-fixation test in eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia). A preliminary report. Proc. Alumni Assoc. Malaya 1957, 10, 109-116
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Danaraj, T. J., da Silva, L. S., and Schacher, J. F. The serological diagnosis of eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia) and its etiological implications. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.1959, 8, 151-159.
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Johnson, M. H., Orihel, T. C., and Beaver, P C. Dipetalonema viteae in the experimentally infected bird, Meriones unguiculatus. I. Insemination, development from egg to microfilaria, re-insemination, and longevity of mated and unmated worms. J. Parasitol. 1974, 60, 302-309.
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Lee, H. F., and Danaraj, T. J. Visceral larva migrans in Malaya. Report of a case. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1972, 21, 174-177.
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Orihel, T. C., and Pacheco, G. Brugia malayi in the Philippine macaque. J. Parasitol. 1966, 52, 394.
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Pacheco, G. Serological studies on dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. J. Parasitol. 1961, 47(Suppl.), 24.
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Pacheco, G. Progressive changes in certain serological responses to Dirofilaria immitis infection in the dog. J. Parasitol. 1966, 52, 311-317.
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Pacheco, G., and Danaraj, T. J. Ethanol extracts of various helminths in a complement fixation test for eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1963, 12, 745-747.
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Pacheco, G., and Danaraj, T. J. Indirect hemagglutination with extracts of various helminths in eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1963, 15, 355-358.
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Schacher, J. F. Morphology of the microfilaria of Brugia pahangi and of the larval stages in the mosquito. J. Parasitol. 1962, 48, 679-692.
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Schacher, J. F. Developmental stages of Brugia pahangi in the final host. J. Parasitol. 1962, 48, 693-706.
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Schacher, J. F., and Cheong, C. H. Nematode parasites in three common house rat species in Malaya, with notes on Rictularia tani Hoeppli,1929. Malaysian Parasites (Studies from the Institute for Medical Research, Federation of Malaya No. 29), 1960, 209-216.
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Schacher, J. F., and Danaraj, T. J. Creeping eruption, a non-patent zoonotic helminthiasis in Singapore. Proc. Alumni Assoc. Malaya 1959, 10, 141-146.
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Schacher, J. F., and Danaraj, T. J. Intestinal helminths in relation to eosinophilic lung (tropical eosinophilia) in Singapore. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1960, 9, 616-619.
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Wong, M. M. Studies on microfilaremia in dogs. I. A search for the mechanisms that stabilize the level of microfilaremia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1964, 13, 57-65.
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Wong, M. M. Studies on microfilaremia in dogs. II. Levels of microfilaremia in relation to immunologic responses of the host. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1964, 13, 66-77.
Parasites of Oriental Primates
In a 4-year period, 1962 to 1966, at the Institute for Medical Research in Malaya, numerous and diverse investigations were performed by collaborators of Dr. Ralph Audy. Essentially all of the observations were made by Dr. Fred L. Dunn, alone or with collaborators. The project was titled "Endoparasites of Oriental Primates" and included human aborigines(Orang Ash) and several species of monkeys. In addition, many parasitic protozoa and helminths were collected and identified from various forest mammals. Of special interest were the findings in extensive surveys of intestinal parasites of tribal hunter-gatherers and forest agriculturists. Dr. Dunn also described and evaluated a method of doing helminth egg counts by direct smear on merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde (MIF)-preserved fecal specimens (MIF-DS). The indings of these studies were reported in numerous publications as follows:
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Dunn, F. L. A new trichostrongylid nematode from an Oriental primate. Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 1963, 30, 161-165.
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Dunn, F. L. Odeninaotrema apidion n. sp. (Trematoda: Lecithodendriidae) from a Malayan primitive primate. Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 1964, 31, 21-25.
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Dunn, F. L. Erythrocyte sickling in the barking deer of Borneo. J. Mammal. 1964, 45, 492-493.
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Dunn, F. L. Blood parasites of Southeast Asian primitive primates. J. Parasitol. 1964, 50, 214-216.
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Dunn, F. L. Gua Anak Takun: Ecological observations. Malayan Nature J. 1965, 19, 75-87.
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Dunn, F. L. Observations on the fauna of Pulau Tioman and Pulau Tulai. II. Notes on the en-
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doparasites. Bull. Natl. Mus. Singapore 1966, 34, 141-149.
. Dunn, F. L. Patterns of parasitism in primates: Phylogenetic and ecological interpretations with particular reference to the Hominoidea. Folia Primatol. 1966, 4, 329-345.
. Dunn, F. L. The TIF direct smear as an epidemiological tool: With special reference to counting helminth eggs. Bull. W.H.O. 1968, 39, 439-449.
. Dunn, F. L. Epidemiological factors: Health and disease in hunter gatherers. In: Lee, R. B., and Devore, I., eds. Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.,1968, 221-228.
. Dunn, F. L. The parasites of Saimiri. In the context of platyrhinchine parasitism. In: Rosenblum, L., and Cooper, R., eds. The Squirrel Monkey. New York: Academic Press, 1968, 31-68.
. Dunn, F L. Natural infection in primates; helminths and problems in primate phylogeny, ecology, and behavior. Lab. Anim. Care 1970, 20, 383-388.
. Dunn, F. L. Intestinal parasitism in Malayan aborigines (Orang Asli). Bull. W.H.O. 1972, 46, 99-113.
. Dunn, F. L., and Bolton, J. M. The MIF direct smear (DS) method in the study of intestinal parasitism in Malayan aborigines. Singapore Med. J. 1963, 4, 175-176.
. Dunn, F. L., Eyles, D. E., and Yap, L. F. Plasmodium sandoshami specie nov., a new species of malaria parasite from the Malayan flying lemur. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1963, 57, 75-81.
. Dunn, F. L., and Greer, W. E. Nematodes resembling Ascaris lumbricoides L.1758, from a Malayan gibbon, Hylobates agilis F. Cuvier, 1821. J. Parasitol. 1962, 48, 150.
. Dunn, F. L., Lim, B. L., and Yap, L. F. Endoparasite patterns in mammals of the Malayan rain forest. Ecology 1968, 49, 1179-1184.
. Dunn, F. L., and Ramachandran, C. P. Some observations on the filarial nematodes of Oriental lorises. In: Proceedings of the first UNESCO Regional Symposium on Scientific Knowledge of Tropical Parasites. 1963, 252-255.
. Dunn, F. L., and Ramachandran, C. P. Southeast Asian filariids, with special reference to those normally parasitic in vertebrates other than man. In: Sardosham, A. A., and Zaman, V., eds. Proceedings of Seminar on Filariasis and Immunology of Parasitic Infections. Singapore: SEAMEO, 1969, 194-209.
. Eyles, D. E., Dunn, F. L., Warren, M., and Guinn, E. Plasmodium coatneyi from the Philippines. J. Parasitol. 1963, 49, 1038.
. Eyles, D. E., Yap, L. E, Dunn, F. L., Guinn, E., Warren, M., and Sandosham, A. A. Plasmodium youngi species nova, a malaria parasite of the Malayan gibbon, Hylobates lar lar. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1964, 13, 248-255.
. Inglis, W. G., and Dunn, F. L. The occurrence of Lemuricola (Nematoda: Oxyurinae) in Malaya: With the description of a new species. Z. Parasitenk.1963, 23, 354-359.
. Inglis, W. G., and Dunn, F. L. Some oxyurids (Nematoda) from neotropical primates. Z. Parasitenk. 1964, 24, 83-87.
. Miyazaki, I., and Dunn, F. L. Gnathostoma malaysiae species nova from rats on Tioman Island, Malaysia (Nematoda: Gnathostomidae). J. Parasitol. 1965, 51, 382-384.
. Ramachandran, C. P, and Dunn, F. L. The development of Breinlia sergenti (Dipetalonematidae) in Aedes mosquitoes. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1968, 62, 441-449.
. Ramachandran, C. P., Dunn, F. L., Sandosham, A. A., and Sivanandam, S. A Dirofilaria from the musang. Singapore Med. J. 1963, 4, 176-177.
. Ramachandran, C. P., Wharton, R. H., Dunn, F. L., and Kershaw, W. E. Aedes (Finlava) togoi Theobald. A useful laboratory vector in studies of filariasis. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1964, 57, 443-445.
Malaria
A 1-year study (1958 to 1959) by Drs. Rozeboom and Howard included a histological survey of the sites of developmental failure of Plasmodium gallinaceum in five species of refractory mosquitoes. In
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Culex fatigans and Culexpipiens, no midgut penetration was noted, whereas in Aedespseudoscutellaris, Anopheles albimanus, and Culex molestus spherical intramural parasites occurred without evidence of growth. A technique was devised for in vivo study of the sporogonous cycle of the malaria parasite during the blood meal period. Direct observations failed to confirm that the malarial zygote develops into a motile organism at any time. The penetrating form was identical to the recently fertilized macrogamete, and was recoverable from the midgut wall between 24 and 40 hours following engorgement. Evidence indicated that the elongated parasites, formerly referred to as ookinetes and vermicules, were not intermediate between macrogamete and oocyst and that they were not infective. Passive forces were implicated as playing a major role in penetration. In a sequential study of the blood meal in the midgut of the adult female, Aedes aegypti, the principal areas of study were the natural dilution effects of fluids other than blood, weight loss in individual bloodmeals, coagulation time, the significance of the early clear rim about the meal clot, observations on peritrophic membrane formation, changes in meal volume and consistency, the function of midgut and hindgut musculature, morphological changes in midgut epithelium, and the behavior of inert particles within a bloodmeal. These studies suggested the nature of passive forces that largely account for the passage of zygotes through the stomach wall.
A series of studies by Drs. Most and Yoeli began in 1958 under the title "Biological Studies in Malaria (Plasmodiumberghei)." In the fall of 1964, a separate Commission on Malaria was formed, and all sponsored projects in the area of malaria became the responsibility of the new Commission. In the intervening years, colonies of Anophelesquadrimaculatus and Anopheles aztecus were established in the laboratory, and strains of Plasmodium berghei were maintained by blood transfer in laboratory mice and hamsters. In January 1959, agametocyte-producing strain of the parasite (Kasapa) was received from the Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine in Anvers, Belgium. Observations were made on morphology of the ookinete stage, the pigment pattern in theoocyst, and the relation between size of the inoculum and course of infection, and attempts were made to clarify the question regarding conditions causing thedisappearance and reappearance of gametocytes in blood forms of the parasite.
In December 1963, the original type host of Plasmodiumberghei, Anopheles dureni, was studied and collected in its native habitat(Congo) and successfully transported to New York. Transmission of Plasmodiumberghei from naturally infected Anopheles dureni was accomplished both by bite and by inoculation of various animals with sporozoites derived from salivary glands and oocysts. New strains of Plasmodium berghei were isolated and preserved at low temperature for future study. Anophelesquadrimaculatus were successfully infected in the laboratory and cyclical transmission was carried out by sporozoites introduced in natural feeding as well as by infections from salivary glands and oocysts. Successful oviposition of Anopheles dureni was obtained in the laboratory, and limited success was achieved in rearing larval stages of the mosquito. A colony of Congo tree rats flourished, and the ability to infect Anopheles quadrimaculatus and achieve cyclic transmission made possible intensive searches of tissues to determine whether exoerythrocytic parasites exist. Published results obtained in the Most-Yoeli studies on Plasmodium berghei biology are reported in the history of the Commission on Malaria.
Ascariasis
In the period between March 1963 and June 1964, a study entitled "Biochemical Investigations of Host-Nematode Relationships in Ascariasis" was completed by Dr. John G. Adams. It had been started in September 1962 under the direction of Dr. P W. Ragozzino, and some of the findings were reported in a doctoral dissertation by Luis E. Borello. Dr. Adams reported that the role of histamine and serotonin in the disease characteristics of acute experimental nematode infection was investigated in guinea pigs infected with Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum. The study included spectro photo fluorometric determination of blood and tissue levels of histamine and serotonin, determination of the toxicity of histamine and serotonin administered intracardially and as an aerosol, determination of monoamine and diamine oxidase activity of various tissues, and determination of lactic acid dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels in serum and plasma steroid levels in infected and normal animals.
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The effects of histamine and serotonin in the acute symptomatology of ascariasis appear to be overshadowed by other factors arising from mechanical tissue damage. Changes in respiratory patterns are probably associated with hypoventilation resulting from mechanical damage to lung tissue. Death, which appears to be due to respiratory causes, is concurrent with profound degenerative changes in liver and kidney tissues. Increased levels of plasma steroid and serum lactic acid dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase are indicative of the presence of a stress reaction in response to the presence of the acute infection. Significant decreases occur in the histamine content of lung, brain, and kidney. A less significant but detectable increase occurs in the liver. A significant increase was noted in brain serotonin of infected animals and a less significant but detectable decrease in lung serotonin.
. Adams, J. G., D`Aquila, L., and Malone, M. H. Serotonin levels in acute experimental ascariasis. J. Pharm. Sci. 1969, 58, 279-280.
Beginning in January 1955, Dr. Nathan Entner completed a fundamental 4-year study entitled "Enzymatic Aspects of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ascaris lumbricoides." The study was considered to be of potential value in the development of anthelmintic agents. In the first year, the experiments were focused on aspects of carbohydrate metabolism of mature Ascaris not previously studied in any helminth. In the final years, the study centered on synthetic processes in the reproductive tract beginning with RNA synthesis. Results were reported in three publications, the first of which described a demonstration of the enzymes of the pentose-phosphate pathway in the worm`s smooth muscle. The second reported an analysis of the fate of sugar in Ascaris by the use of radioactive glucose labeled in different carbon atoms. In addition to showing the nature and extent of incorporation of the carbon atoms of glucose into the major parts of the worms, it was also shown that of the two pathways for carbohydrate metabolism, the glycolytic scheme is the major pathway of energy metabolism, whereas the pentose phosphate pathway provides pentose for nucleic acid. The third reported that subcellular particles from the reproductive tract of Ascaris contain enzymes that synthesize RNA in two different ways, with nucleoside-diphosphate precursors, and with nucleoside-triphosphate precursors. These were the first such studies on the enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid in any parasite. Publications are listed below.
. Entner, N. The occurrence of the pentose-phosphate pathway in Ascarislumbricoides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1957, 71, 52-61.
. Entner, N. Occurrence of polynucleotide phosphorylase in Ascarislumbricoides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1959, 1,333.
. Entner, N., and Gonzalez, C. Fate of glucose in Ascarislumbricoides. Exp. Parasitol. 1959, 8, 471-479.
Leishmaniasis
The Commission sponsored studies on leishmaniasis by Dr. Donald W. Twohy at Michigan State University and Dr. John Janovy at University of Nebraska. Under the title, "The Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis,"Dr. Twohy initiated in May 1967 studies on Leishmania donovani, in mice and in vitro macrophage cultures, designed to explain the basic characteristics of immune reactions to infection with Leishmania species and possibly other intracellular protozoa. Experiments designed to test the hypothesis that immunity to Leishmania donovani depends primarily on cellular factors, not on serum antibodies, showed that the organisms multiply in cultured macrophages from nonimmune but not from immune mice. Transfer of macrophages or macrophage RNA from immune to nonimmune mice and RNA of immune macrophages to cultures of nonimmune macrophages conferred a high degree of resistance. Serum from immune animals was ineffective. It was found that there was "cross-resistance" between different strains of Leishmania donovani and other intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium and Eperythrozoon. Thus, the cellular immunity to Leishmania resembles that to Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, and intracellular bacteria.
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Later experiments showed that in vitro cultures of macrophages from mice that were superinfected with Leishmania donovani supported parasite growth as well as did macrophages from uninfected controls. Results obtained with these host-parasite models were too variable to point to specific factors in the development or expression of immunity. Further observations on the role of macrophages and lymphocytes in resistance to reinfection suggested that the ability of macrophages from immune mice to kill and digest the leish mania parasites was enhanced by in vivo stimulation with live parasites.
Some of the results of these studies were reported in the following publications:
. Miller, H. C., and Twohy, D. W. Infection of macrophages in culture by leptomonads of Leishmania donovani. J. Protozool. 1967, 14, 781-789.
. Miller, H. C., and Twohy, D. W. Cellular immunity to Leishmania donovaniin macrophages, in culture. J. Parasitol. 1969, 55, 200-207.
. Skov, C. B., and Twohy, D. W. Cellular immunity to Leishmania donovani.I. The effect of T cell depletion on resistance to Leishmania donovani in mice.J. Immunol. 1974, 113, 2004-2011.
. Skov, C. B., and Twohy, D. W. Cellular immunity to Leishmania donovani. Evidence for synergy between thymocytes and lymph node cells in reconstitution of acquired resistance to Leishmania donovani in mice. J. Immunol. 1974, 113, 2012-2019.
Studies by Janovy and associates, active from May 1968 to October 1972, were designed to explain the localization of Leishmania parasites and lesions in particular anatomical sites in the hosts. A number of in vitro biochemical reactions of different strains and species were examined in relation to temperature. Marked differences were observed in the culture forms of the various strains, but the significance of the findings was not apparent. Experiments were designed to determine differences in anaerobic metabolism among species of Leishmania and to examine the possible correlations between the experimental findings and the disease features commonly associated with the infections. Temperature effects on total acid production, carbon dioxide fixation, and lactate production by Leishmania donovani in the presence or absence of glucose and in the presence of anti leishmanial drugs (stibophen and sodium stibogluconate) revealed only that lactate production may be useful as an indicator of the site of drug action. However, the metabolic effects of the two compounds were not clearly delineated by the experiments. These findings were reported in the following publications:
. Bhattacharya, A., and Janovy, J., Jr. Leishmania donovani: Autoradiographic evidence for molecular exchanges between parasite and hostcell. Exp. Parasitol. 1975, 37, 353-360.
. Daggett, P M., Decker, J. E., and Janovy, J., Jr. Some physiological alterations accompanying infectivity to mammals by four genera of Trypanosomatidae. Comp. Bio chem. Physiol. 1978, 59A, 363-366.
. Decker, J. E., and Janovy, J., Jr. Leishmania donovani and Leishmaniamexicana: Production of the excretion factor. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1974,4913, 513-523.
. Janovy, J., Jr. Temperature and metabolism in Leishmania. III. Somedehydrogenases of Leishmania donovani, Leishmania mexicana, and Leishmaniatarentolae. Exp. Parasitol.1972, 32, 196-205.
. Janovy, J., Jr., and Poorman, A. E. Temperature and metabolism in Leishmania. I. Respiration in Leishmania donovani, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania tarentolae. Exp. Parasitol. 1969, 25, 276-282.
. Poorman, A. E., and Janovy, J., Jr. Temperature and metabolism in Leishmania. II. Aldolase in Leishmania adleri, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania tarentolae. Exp. Parasitol. 1969, 26, 329-335.
Trypanosomiasis
The possibility of obtaining protection against trypanosomiasis by vaccination was investigated in two studies in 1971 and 1972 on African trypanosomes, by Richard Seed and Gilbert Sanchez, and one 1970 to1972 study on the American trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi by W. L. Hanson. The African
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trypanosomiasis study by Seed and the Trypanosoma cruzi study by Hanson showed that vaccines derived from cultured organisms produced a discernible, although relatively slight, effect on the infections. Seed`s studies also suggested that results of treatment with pentamidine isothionate were appreciably better when it was combined with the administration of hydrocortisone. Results obtained in the study by Sanchez were not significant. Hanson found that in passive transfer experiments, protective antibodies were demonstrated in sera taken at 6 weeks post infection from neonatally thymectomized rats as well as controls. Also, mice immunized with either supernatant or sediment from sonicated mixtures of trypomastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi grown in cell culture developed significantly lower mean parasitemia than controls after challenge with virulent Trypanosomacruzi.
Results of some of Dr. Seed`s experiments were reported in the following publications:
. Lumsden, R. D., Marciacq, Y, and Seed, J. R. Trypanosoma gambiense: Cytopathologic changes in guinea pig hepatocytes. Exp. Parasitol. 1972, 32, 369-389.
. Seed, J. R. Trypanosoma gambiense and Trypanosoma equiperdum: Characterization of variant specific antigens. Exp. Parasitol. 1972, 31, 98-108.
. Seed, J. R. Antigens and antigenic variability of the African trypanosomes. A review article. J. Protozool., 1974, 21, 639-646.
. Seed, J. R., Marcus, H., and Risby, K. E. The effect of hydrocortisone on skin lesions, antibody titers, and parasitemia in Trypanosoma gambiense-infected rabbits. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.1972, 21,150-156.
. Seed, J. R., and Varney, J. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: Changes in body temperature rhythms of infected New Zealand albino rabbits. Exp. Parasitol. 1976, 40, 238-249.
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Agenda Monday, 26 October 0900 Introductory Remarks by Commission Director, President and Executive Secretary of the Board 0930 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers Department of the Army Major J. W. Cutting 1030 Recess Coffee 1045 PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATORS Dr. William Hanson: Immunity to Chagas` Disease (Contract No. DADA17-69-C-9167) 1245 Lunch 1415 Dr. Donald Twohy: Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis (Contract No. DADA17-69-C-9135) Dr. Henry van der Schalie: Biological Relationships of Pomatiopsis and Oncomelania (Contract No. DA-49-007-MD-604) 1615 Recess Coffee 1630 Executive Session Tuesday, 27 October 0815 Introductory Remarks by Commission Director and President of the Board 0830 SYMPOSIUM ON SCHISTOSOMIASIS 0830 Second International Congress of Parasitology Dr. E. H. Sadun 0845 Research at WRAIR Dr. E. H. Sadun 0915 Research at 406th Medical Laboratory Dr. G. M. Davis 1000 General Discussion 1030 Recess Coffee 1045 Research at NAMRI Commander M. H. Stirewalt 1115 Research at NAMRU-3 Captain D. C. Kent 1145General Discussion 1215 Lunch 1345 Research at NIH Dr. A. W. Cheever 1415 Research at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital Dr. F. von Lichtenberg 1445 Research at Harvard University Dr. T. H. Weller 1515 General Discussion 1545 Recess Coffee 1600 Research at Santa Lucia,W.I. Dr. P. Jordan 1640 Research at Johns Hopkins University Dr. E. Bueding 1700 General Discussion |
Amebiasis
In 1970 the problems related to amebiasis were transferred from the Commission on Enteric Infections to the Commission on Parasitic Diseases. Studies then in progress by Iris Krupp were continued for 1 year, but progress and final reports were submitted to the original Commission. Another study that dealt in part with amebiasis and was sponsored by the Commission on Environmental Health was brought to the attention of this Commission. Report of work concerned with transmission of the infection was presented at the 1970 fall meeting. Progress and final reports were submitted to the original Commission.
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Fall Meeting 25 October 1972
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Washington, D.C.
Seated, left to right: Drs. Martin D. Young, Robert L. Kaiser (Deputy Director), Robin D. Powell (Commission Director), G. Robert Coatney, and Leslie A. Stauber.
Standing, left to right: Drs. Elvio H. Sadun, Carroll N. Smith, Lloyd E. Rozeboom, Geoffrey M. Jeffery, William D. Tigertt, John D. Arnold, Peter G. Contacos, Thomas H. Weller, Meir Yoeli, and William Trager.
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Anaphylactic Antibody
A study entitled "Anaphylactic Antibody in Helminthic Infection" by Nathan J. Zvaifler was in progress from 1 August 1970 to 31May 1972. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the possible role of anaphylactic reaction in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. The work confirmed the involvement of mast cells in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA)reaction and suggested the involvement of neutrophils. Extensive tests comparing the immediate (4-hour) and delayed (72-hour) reactions supported the conclusion that in the rabbit, the PCA reaction with a short latent period cannot be used to define or distinguish immunoglobulin G homocytotropic antibody from immunoglobulin E. The study was terminated without having specifically related any of the findings to the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis or other helminthic infection.
At least one report was published:
. Bauer, H. Zvaifler, N. J., and Robinson, J. O. Immunoglobulin in the rabbit. Lab. Invest. 1972, 26, 448-458.
Anthelmintic Dithiazanine
In 1958, when Dr. Bueding initiated a study of dithiazanine, the drug was widely used as an anthelmintic, especially for trichuriasis and to a lesser extent for ascariasis. In a 3-year study. Dr. Bueding and his collaborator, Dr. Emil Kmetec, found that its action against Ascarislumbricoides was a marked inhibitory effect on the utilization of carbohydrates, causing paralysis, and the effect was irreversible and caused by interference with either the uptake or metabolism of glucose. In experiments with Trichuris vulpis, the biochemical effects of the drug were found to interfere with the active transport of glucose into the worm, thus causing its death because of an inadequate supply of energy. While these studies were in progress, dithiazanine was reported to be toxic to humans and its use as an anthelmintic was discontinued.
Antigen Production and Testing
In 1962, Dr. Niam Kent began a program on the isolation of specific antigens from larval and adult schistosomes. Although he had made good progress toward the preparation and storage of such antigens, the work was interrupted by a move to a different location before any quality tests were completed.
In September 1966, under the direction of Dr. Paul Thompson at Parke Davis and Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, a project was initiated to produce diagnostic antigens for amebiasis and schistosomiasis. Collaborators in the work were Dr. Curt Schneider and Dr. W. P Stucki. After October 1968, the project was directed by Dr. Stucki. With lyophilized Entamoebahistolytica from Diamond`s axenic cultures, a standard antigen was produced and shown to be suitable for use in indirect hemagglutination, complement fixation, and agar-gel tests. Sufficient antigen for 6,000 hemagglutination, 5,000 complement-fixation, and comparable numbers of agar-gel tests were delivered to the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. Antigen of the Chaffee type was prepared from adult Schistosomamansoni grown in experimental animals. Its usefulness in complement fixation and intradermal tests was demonstrated.
Later, antigens for the diagnosis of filariasis, leishmaniasis, American trypanosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis were produced and tested for stability and suitability for routine use. The program was completed in 1970. Some of the results were reported in published articles:
. Schneider, C. R. The effect of medium components on the specificity of axenic Entamoeba histolytica antigen. J. Parasitol. 1968, 54, 711-714.
. Stucki, W. P. Evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni intradermal test antigens in the rhesus monkey. J. Parasitol. 1968, 54, 174-175.
. Thompson, P. E., Graedel, S. K., Schneider, C. R., Stucki, W. P., and Gordon, R. M. Preparation and evaluation of standardized amoeba antigen from axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica. Bull. W.H.O. 1968, 39, 349-365.
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TRAINING AND RECRUITMENT
One of the stated purposes of the AFEB Commission on Parasitic Diseases was to increase the number of professional workers in the field of parasitology and tropical medicine. It had been originally ruled inappropriate to use funds from the Defense Department budget for fellowship stipends, but investigators at all levels of skill and experience could be employed for contract research. In that way, it was possible to provide training and experience to many young workers who were employed as research assistants or associates. As shown by the number of coauthors on listed publications, notable examples of contracts providing such training opportunities are those of Drs. van der Schalie (malacology), Lewert (schistosomiasis, biochemistry, immunology), Warren (schistosomiasis pathology), von Lichtenberg (schistosomiasispathology), Dunn (parasite survey), and Beaver (filariasis and tropicaleosinophilia). Among the several predoctoral- and postdoctoral-level associate sin the filariasis studies, four (Schacher, Pacheco, Wong, Lee) profited from overseas experience for 1, 2, or 3 years. Essentially, all contracts provided professional training experience to one or more trainee-level investigators.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Active during the period between 1953 and 1972, the Commission on Parasitic Diseases involved 21 members and 11 associate members. Members serving throughout the period were Beaver, Bueding, Most, Rozeboom, van der Schalie, and Weller. Drs. Weller, Most, and Beaver were directors of the Commission for periods of 5 or 6 years each.
The Commission`s mission, outlined by Dr. Bayne-Jones, who was acting for AFEB President Dr. MacLeod, was to develop parasitic disease projects of concern to the Armed Forces by conducting field investigations or research projects in the laboratories of members of the Commission or others. It was not conceived as an agency for stimulating grant proposals, but rather one for recommending contracts for research consonant with the mission of the Armed Forces. As a part of its mission, the program of the Commission was expected to increase the number of professional workers in the field of parasitology and tropical medicine.
Early in the history of the Commission, malaria was recognized as the parasitic disease of greatest and most immediate concern to the military. An adhoc Malaria Committee was appointed, and several symposia on malaria were held. Research projects on rodent malaria and on development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito were sponsored by the Commission. However, with the recognition of chloroquine-resistant strains of malaria, it became evident that the magnitude of the malaria problem justified the establishment of a separate Commission on Malaria.
A field investigation of hydatid disease in Alaska led to the conclusion that the probability of its significance as a health hazard to military personnel was minimal. Ad hoc committees dealt with the methodology of research on schistosomiasis, the revision of tuberculosis medications, and the procurement of antiparasitic drugs.
Special reports, seminars, or symposia were held as part of regular meetings on timely topics including the following:
. research programs at the 406th Medical General Laboratory, NIH, and Department of Parasitology at Louisiana State University in New Orleans;
. current research on malaria in 1957;
. insect vector control;
. research on malaria at the Naval Medical Research Institute;
. research at the CDC in Atlanta;
. parasitology programs in the Chicago area;
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COMMISSION ON PARASITIC DISEASES, 1972
Seated, left to right: Drs. Elvio H. Sadun (deputy director), Willard H. Wright, Paul C. Beaver (Commission Director), and Thomas H. Weller.
Standing, left to right: Drs. Robert H. Lewert, Henry van der Schalie, John E. Scanlon, Martin D. Young, Ernest B. Bueding, Lloyd E. Rozeboom, William W. Frye, Leslie A. Stauber, and Rodney C. Jung.
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Agenda 0900 Introductory Remarks by Commission Director, President and Executive Secretary of the Board 0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers Department of the Army Colonel Robert Cutting 1000 Recess Coffee 1015 PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATORS Dr. Henry van der Schalie: Studies of the Intermediate Snail Hosts of Oriental and African Schistosomiasis Infections (DA-49-193-MD-2651) 1215 Recess Lunch 1330 Dr. John Janovy: Temperature Effects on Leishmania Metabolism (DADA 17-69-C-9122) Dr. William Hanson: Immunity to Chagas` Disease (DADA 17-69-C-9167) 1600 Recess Coffee 1615 Executive Session 1800 Adjournment
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. current malaria research in 1964;
. parasitology research at Tulane University;
. current research on hemoflagellates;
. the problem of leptospirosis;
. research at military laboratories;
. filariasis research;
. problems of parasites in Latin America;
. immunology of parasitic diseases; and
. current schistosomiasis research in progress at leading laboratories.
The scientific contributions that were sponsored by the Commission were mostly in the general areas of schistosomiasis and filariasis. Significant observations were made in studies on parasites of Malaysian primates, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis.
Studies by Dr. van der Schalie and associates showed that although the American snail Pomatiopsis species is biologically and ecologically similar to the natural intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, it is not a satisfactory substitute for Oncomelania in experimental studies. Methods for the laboratory propagation of snail intermediate hosts of common species of schistosomes of humans were useful in maintaining a supply source of material for studies in other laboratories. Biochemical studies by Dr. Lewert and associates on skin penetration by cercariae failed to reveal ways to bar their entry into the skin, but in immunological studies, they perfected a highly reliable circumoval precipitin test for diagnosis of infection in humans. The work of Dr. Warren and associates described factors in granuloma formation and the production of schistosomal disease in the mouse model. They also discovered that development of schistosomes in snails is suppressed by chloramphenicol. The various and numerous contributions on schistosomiasis by Dr. von Lichtenberg and associates included the basic nature and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobia in different species of primates including the chimpanzee. Of special interest also were granulomas produced by antigen-coated beads and latex particles in the lungs of experimental animals. Postmortem findings in Egyptian and Nigerian patients with urinary schistosomiasis were of great interest.
Filariasis studies by Drs. Rozeboom and Cabrera described the epidemiology of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in one area of the Philippines and confirmed the endemicity of Brugia malayi in the Philippines. Studies by Drs. Beaver, Danaraj, and Tulane associates in Singapore demonstrated that tropical eosinophilia is a form of filariasis in which the microfilariae that normally would circulate in the blood are screened out and destroyed in the lungs. In New Orleans, the Tulane workers found that in Dipetalonema viteae-infected birds and Dirofilaria-infected dogs, the levels of microfilaremia are determined by factors other than the number of adult worms present. Also, details of development of Brugia pahangi in the mosquito and cat hosts were described.
In a study of parasites of Oriental primates by Dr. Dunn, numerous helminths and some protozoa, including three new species of malaria, were reported. In a survey of intestinal parasites of primitive humans, a new method of quantitative diagnosis was developed.
Before the formation of the Commission on Malaria in 1964, two malaria projects were initiated in 1958 under the sponsorship of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases: One characterized in detail the early development of the parasite in the mosquito, the other described the full life cycle of Plasmodiumberghei, the rodent malaria parasite. These studies were basic to understanding the later experimental studies on malaria.
Biochemical studies on acute ascariasis in guinea pigs and metabolic studies on adult Ascaris lumbricoides gave interesting new information, as did also studies on cellular immunity to Leishmania donovani in mice, the metabolic effects of temperature on Leishmania species in vitro, immunization against Trypanosoma gambiense and T. cruzi in experimental animals, and anaphylactic antibody. The anthelmintic action of dithiazanine was shown to be caused by a blocking effect of the transport of nutrients into the worms.
Antigens were produced, tested, and supplied for military, experimental, and diagnostic use in the diagnosis of amebiasis, schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, American trypanosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
489
Research investigations involving 20 active contracts were sponsored by the Commission on Parasitic Diseases. Listed as coauthors were approximately 100 workers who were not already recognized professional parasitologists. Programs offering the greatest number of opportunities for training experience in parasitology were those in the fields of schistosomiasis, malaria, filariasis, and leishmaniasis. The last meeting of the Commission was held on 26 October 1972, and the last annual report of the Commission Director was submitted 12 December 1972. The decision to terminate the Commission and some other advisoryg roups had been taken earlier and announced in a letter addressed to the Director, dated 11 October 1970 and signed by Richard R. Taylor, M.D., Brigadier General, MC, Special Assistant for Research and Development. The letter noted that an appearance of conflict of interest had been created by the arrangement wherein the Commissions of the AFEB reviewed and recommended research proposals submitted by its own members. Roughly, a third of the principal investigators of proposals recommended by the Commission had been member submitted. In the beginning, it had been recognized that the persons best qualified to conduct research in some areas of military interest were members of the Commission. Therefore, support of investigations in laboratories of members was anticipated. The reversal of policy was made necessary by newly established government wide standards pertaining to conflict of interest in advisory groups (see Appendix4).
490
SECTION 6 APPENDIX 1
INFORMATION ABOUT CONTRACTS
This table of information on contracts was prepared by Colonel Robert Wells, AFEB Executive Secretary, and Jean P. Ward, AFEB Staff assistant. In some instances, the list includes both the responsible investigator and a coinvestigator (Audy and Dunn, Rozeboom and Cabrera, Kemp and Hunter, Thompson and Stucki) or an investigator whose project was not sponsored by the Commission (Burckhalter), not activated (Kessel), or support was for administrative costs only (Beaver, Weller). For numerous projects, information on funding was incomplete or unknown, and for some, the indicated level of funding may be that authorized, not the amount expended. One project was omitted(Zvaifler, NJ, University of California at San Diego, Anaphylactic Antibodies in Helminth Infection, DADA 17-71-C-1002,1 August 1970-31 May 1972).
|
Investigator/Institute |
Title of Project and Contract Number |
Period | Amount |
|
Adams, John G.
|
Biochemical Investigation of the Host-Nematode Relationships in Asacariasis. (TERMINATED) |
1962-1964 | |
|
Audy, Ralph
|
Endoparasites of Oriental Primates
|
1963-1966
| |
|
Beaver, Paul C.
|
Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia |
1955-1956 |
$13,993 |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-633 |
1957-1958 |
$13,116 | |
|
Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia |
1958-1959 |
$ 6,130 | |
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2677
|
1959-1960 |
$ 6,837 | |
|
1961-1963 |
$30,163 | ||
|
1966-1967 |
$37,170 | ||
|
1967-1968 |
$29,377 | ||
|
1968-1969 |
$46,193 | ||
|
Director`s Office |
1967-1968 |
$ 1,000 | |
|
Contract #DADA-70-C-0106 |
1970-1972 |
$ 8,972 | |
|
Bueding, Ernest B.
|
Mechanism of Anthelminthic Action of Dithiazanine |
1958-1959 |
$ 5,628 |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-975 |
1960-1961 |
$ 6,000 | |
|
Burkhalter, Joseph H.
|
New Agents for Parasitic Infections |
No period |
No amount |
|
No contract number |
|
| |
|
Cabrera, Benjamin D.
|
Filariasis Studies in the Phillipines |
No period |
No amount |
|
No contract number |
1963-1965 |
No amount | |
|
Dunn, Frederick L. |
Endoparasites of Oriental Primates. Investigations in Malaysia and San Fransisco |
|
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2291 | ||
|
Entner, Nathan |
Enzymatic aspects of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Ascaris lumbricoides |
|
$ 6,450 |
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-692 |
1959-1960 |
$ 1,667 |
|
Hanson, William L.
|
Immunity to Chagas` Disease |
1970-1972 |
$25,403 |
|
Contract #DADA17-69-C-9167 |
|
| |
|
Hunter, George W. |
Screening Potential Protective Ointments Against Schistosomiasis |
1954-1955 |
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-468 |
|
|
491
|
Investigator/Institute |
|
Period | Amount |
|
Janovy, John, Jr.
|
Effects of Temperature on Leshmania Metabolism |
1969-1972 | |
|
Contract #DADA 17-69-C-9122 |
| ||
|
Kemp, Hardy A.
|
Screening Potential Protective Ointments |
1954-1955 | |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-468 |
| ||
|
Kent, Niam H.
|
Isolation of Specific Antigens From Larval and Adult Stages of Schistosomes |
1962-1964 | |
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2276 |
| ||
|
Kessel, John F.
|
The Correlation of Serologic Tests for Amebiasis with Clinical and Pathological Findings |
| |
|
No contract number | |||
|
Lewert, Robert M.
|
Studies on Schistosome Japonicum in Man and Schistosome Cercariae with Special Reference to Inhibition of Penetration of Various Agents |
1954-1955 |
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-516 |
1960-1068 |
$14,000 | |
|
Immunity to Schistosoma Japonicum in Man |
1962-1963 |
| |
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2320 |
1962-1963 |
| |
|
Most, Harry
|
Biological Studies in Malaria (P. berghei) |
1958-1959 |
$22,000 |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-964
|
1959-1960 |
$22,000 | |
|
1960-1966 |
$22,000 | ||
|
Ragozzino, Patrick W.
|
Serotonin and Histamine Production in Ascariasis |
1962-1963
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-2338 | |||
|
Rozeboom, Lloyd E. Johns Hopkins University
|
Epidemiology of Filariasis Among Mountain Tribes in Northern Luzon, Philippine Islands |
1958-1959 |
$13,220 |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-2370 | |||
|
Factors Influencing Susceptibility and Immunity of the Mosquito to Infection by the Malaria Parasite |
1963-1964
|
| |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-1023 | |||
|
Sanchez, Gilbert
|
Mechanisms of Biochemical and Antigenic Changes in Parasitic Trypanosomes |
1971-1972
|
|
|
Contract #DADA17-72-C-2020 | |||
|
Seed, John R.
|
Active Immunization Against Trypanosoma gambiense with a Partially Purified Protective Antigen |
1971-1972
|
|
|
Contract #DADA17-72-C-2058 | |||
|
Stucki, William P.
|
Parasite Antigens |
1966-1972
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2927 | |||
|
Thompson, Paul E.
|
Parasite Antigens |
1966-1968
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2927 | |||
|
Twohy, Donald W.
|
The Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis |
1968-1969
|
|
|
Contract #DADA17-67-7142 | |||
|
Contract #DADA17-69-C-9135 |
1969-1972 |
$44,202 |
492
|
Investigator/Institute |
Title of Project and Contract Number |
Period |
Amount |
|
van der Schalie, Henry University of Michigan |
Studies of American Pomatiopsis Snails with Biological Relationships Almost Identical to Oncomelania, the Vector of Oriental Schistosomiasis |
1955-1956 |
$ 5,000
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-604 |
1968-1972
|
| |
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-2651 | |||
|
von Lichtenberg, Franz
|
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infections (previous title: Host parasite Relationship in Normal and Abnormal Hosts of Schistosomidae) |
1966-1971 |
$11,846
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-2253 | |||
|
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infection |
1971-1972
| ||
|
Contract #DADA17-72-C-2056 | |||
|
Wagner, Edward D.
|
Study of the Biology of Oncomelania. A Study of the Biology, Feeding Habits, and Nutritional Requirements of the Snail Hosts of Schistosoma japonicum
|
1954-1955
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-307 | |||
|
Warren, Kenneth S. |
Pathophysiology of Schistomsmiasis |
1965-1967
|
|
|
Contract #DA-49-193-MD-2639 | |||
|
Weller, Thomas H. |
Contract #DA-49-007-MD-530 |
1958-1959 |
$ 2,520 |
|
Summary of Research Funds for AFEB-Reviewed Research for the Periods 1 July 1958-30 June 1959, 1 July 1959-30 June 1960, and 1 July 1960-30 June 1961
| ||
|
1 July 1958-30 June 1959 |
1 July 1959-30 June 1960 |
1 July 1960-30 June 1961 |
|
$82,592 |
$61,532 |
$63,000 |
493
SECTION 6 APPENDIX 2
COMMISSION ON PARASITIC DISEASES-DATES AND LOCATIONS OFMEETINGS
|
2 October 1953 |
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. |
|
2 November 1954 |
Hotel Peabody, Memphis, Tennessee |
|
4 April 1955 |
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. |
|
1 November 1955 |
Hotel Somerset, Boston, Massachusetts |
|
5 April 1956 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
30 October 1956 |
Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana |
|
15-16 March 1957 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
29 October 1957 |
Hotel Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
|
7-8 March 1958 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
4 November 1958 |
Hotel Deauville, Miami Beach, Florida |
|
9-10 March 1959 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
27 October 1959 |
Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis, Indiana |
|
7-8 April 1960 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
Fall 1960 |
Records not available |
|
Spring 1961 |
Records not available |
|
31 October 1961 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
6-7 March 1962 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
30 October 1962 |
Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia |
|
5-6 March 1963 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
5 November 1963 |
Center for Continuing Education, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois |
|
12 March 1964 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
3 November 1964 |
New York University School of Medicine, New York City |
|
1 March 1965 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
6 November 1965 |
Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana |
|
14 March 1966 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
18 November 1966 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
13-14 March 1967 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
31 October 1967 |
Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
|
25 March 1968 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
2-3 December 1968 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
24 March 1969 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
16-17 October 1969 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
23 March 1970 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
26-27 October 1970 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
22 March 1971 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
27 October 1971 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
30 March 1972 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
|
26 October 1972 |
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. |
494
SECTION 6 APPENDIX 3
AGENDA OR OUTLINE OF MEETINGS
Outlines of meetings without available agenda are based on director`s summaries in annual reports.
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Medical Center
4 April 1955
0930 Introductory Remarks by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Statement Colonel Adam J. Rapalski, Executive Secretary, AFEB
Remarks by:
Lieutenant J. F. Egan of the Navy
Lieutenant Colonel H. G. Tousignant of the Air Force
Colonel T. F. Whayne of the Army
Colonel F. H. Mowrey of the Army
Progress report on work done under Contract
DA-49-007-MD-307 Dr. Edward D. Wagner
Summary of research activities on schistosomiasis at the National Microbiological Institute, NIH
Progress report on work done under Contract
DA-49-007-MD-468 Dr. Hardy A. Kemp
Progress report on parasitological studies on rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys Dr. Gustave J. Dammin
Executive Session
Review of status of action taken on previous recommendations
Consideration of contract proposals
Discussion of Contract DA-49-007-MD-468
Recommendations regarding financing of contracts not subject to review at current meeting
Consideration of application by:
Dr. R. S. Diaz-Rivera of the University of Puerto Rico Medical School
Meeting adjourned
495
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Hotel Somerset, Boston, MA
1 November 1955
0930 Introductory remarks by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Statement Dr. Floyd Denny, speaking for Dr.John Dingle
Statement Captain R. W Babione, Executive Secretary, AFEB
Comments by:
Colonel Tousignant, Department of the Air Force
Major H. L. Ley, Department of the Army
Progress report on contract DA-49-007-MD-516, "Studies Dr. Robert M. Lewert
on schistosome cercariae with special reference
to inhibition of penetration of various agents"
Progress report on contract DA-49-007-MD-604 on Dr. Henry van der Schalie
"Studies of American Pomatiopsis snails with
biological relationships almost identical to
Oncomelania"
Review of hydatid situation in Alaska Major Ley and Colonel Toussignant
Summary of activities of parasitological interest Dr. L. E. Rozeboom
in the Philippines
Report on trip under AFEB auspices to adviseon andDr. van der Schalie
to observe research on Oncomelania in Japan
and the Philippines
Liaison report on recovery of viralagents from cases ofDr. G. Dammin
Shigella infection
Executive Session
Consideration of nominations for associate membership
Recommendations concerning contract renewals
Consideration of application of Dr. Nathan Entner
Follow-up on Kemp-Hunter project, "Screening protective ointments against schistosomiasis"
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute for Research
5 April 1956
0940 Introductory remarks by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Comments by:
Dr. John J. Dingle, AFEB
Captain J. R. Seal, Department of the Navy
Colonel H. G. Toussignant, Department of the Air Force
Major A. M. Reeve, Department of the Army
Progress reports on:
Contract DA-49-007-MD-307, "A study of the biology,
feeding habits, and nutritional requirements of the
snail hosts of Schistosoma japonicum" Dr. E. D. Wagner
496
Contract DA-49-007-MD-633, "Visceral larva migrans
in relation to tropical eosinophilia" Dr. Paul C. Beaver
Interim report of Ad Hoc Committee on Hydatid Disease
General comments on the program of the Commission
Executive Session
Considerations of proposals for contract extension
Discussion of possible new applications
Consideration of the action of the Ad Hoc Committee on Hydatid Disease
Discussion of status of Kemp-Hunter report.
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Louisiana State University School of Medicine
30 October 1956
0910 Meeting called to order by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Introductory remarks by:
Dr. Floyd W. Denny
Captain R. W. Babione
Comments by:
Colonel H. E. Griffin, Department of the Army
Colonel G. A. Fair, Department of the Air Force
Dr. C. G. Huff, Department of the Navy
Progress reports:
Contract DA-49-007-MD-516, "Studies on
schistosome cercariae with special reference
to inhibition of penetration by various agents" Dr. R. M. Lewert
Contract DA-49-007-MD-604, "Some comparative
studies of American Pomatiopsis with species
of Oncomelania, the vector of Oriental
schistosomiasis" Dr. H. van der Schalie
Contract DA-49-007-MD-692, "Enzymatic aspects
of carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris
lumbricoides" Dr. N. Entner
Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Hydatid Disease
Comment on 6th International Congress on Hydatid Disease Dr. Weller
Presentation of current investigations in the field of parasitology at Louisiana State University School of Medicine
Tour of Louisiana State University Medical School
Executive Session
Consideration of proposals for contract extensions
Old business:
Kemp-Hunter contract
Conditions for infectivity experiments with snails
New business:
African Regional WHO Conference on schistosomiasis
Interest of the Air Force in studies on canine filariasis
Recommendations regarding Alaskan hydatid disease problem
497
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute for Research
15-16 March 1957
15 March
0940 Meeting called to order by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Introductory remarks by:
Dr. Floyd W. Denny, AFEB, for Dr. Dingle
Captain R. W. Babione, Executive Secretary, AFEB
Comments by:
Major Benjamin Hammers, Department of the Air Force
Captain J. R. Seal, Department of the Navy
Captain J. R. Kingston, Department of the Navy
Lieutenant Colonel H. E. Griffin, Department of the Army
Discussion of reports by Armed Forces representatives
Progress reports and applications for contract support:
Final report on Contract DA-49-007-MD-307,
"A study of the biology, feeding habits, and
nutritional requirement of the snail host of
Schistosoma japonicum" Dr. E. D. Wagner
Application for contract entitled, "Basic biologic studies on Oncomelania"
Annual report and request for 12 months` extension of Contract
DA-40-007-MD-633," Visceral larva migrans in relation to
tropical eosinophilia" Dr. Paul C. Beaver
Interim report and request for12 months` extension of
contract DA-49-007-MD-692, "Enzymatic aspects of
carbohydrate metabolism in Ascarislumbricoides" Dr. N. Entner
Interim report and request for 7 months` extension of contract
DA-49-MD-516, "Studies onschistosome cercariae with
special reference to inhibition of penetration by
various agents" Dr. R. M. Lewert
Interim report and request for 7months` extension of contract
DA-49-007-MD-604, "Some comparative studies of
American Pomatiopsis with species of Oncomelania, the vector
of Oriental schistosomiasis" Dr. H. van der Schalie
Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Hydatid Disease
Report on the WHO schistosomiasis conference at Brazzaville
17:45 Session adjourned
March 16
0900 Executive Session
Discussion of activities and responsibilities of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Discussion of malaria and filariasis, possible new fields of interest
Consideration of report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Hydatid Disease
Action on requests for contract support
1255 Meeting adjourned
498
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Hotel Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia
29 October 1957
1400 Introductory remarks by Commission Director Thomas H. Weller
Status of research on malaria Dr. Paul F. Russell
Dr. Clay Huff
Dr. Lloyd Roseboom | Dr. Robert Coatney
Dr. Willard Wright
Dr. D. McMullen
Consideration of the role of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases in relation to the status of research on malaria
1715 Meeting adjourned
1910 Meeting reconvened
Remarks by:
Dr. Floyd W. Denny, AFEB, for Dr. Dingle
Lieutenant Colonel H. E. Griffin, Department of the Army
Lieutenant Colonel C. N. Moss, Department of the Air Force
Discussion of the problem of training in the Armed Forces
Report of Committee on Experimental Conditions to be Considered in Studies on Schistosomes
Report on the 8th Alaskan Science Conference Dr. Gilbert Otto
Comment on experiences in Durban, South Africa Dr. Paul C. Beaver
2055 Meeting adjourned
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
7-8 March 1958
March 7
1005 Introductory remarks by Commission Director Dr. Thomas Weller
Comments by:
Dr. Thomas Francis, President, AFEB
Captain R. W. Babione, Executive Secretary, AFEB
Reports on parasitological problems by:
Captain S. A. Britten, Department of the Navy
Colonel G. K. Fair, Department of the Air Force
Colonel H. E. Griffin, Department of the Army
Reports of contract research
Contract DA-49-007-MD-633, "Visceral larva migrans
in relation to tropical eosinophilia" Dr. Paul C. Beaver
Contract DA-49-007-MD-692, "Enzymatic aspects
of carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris l
umbricoides" Dr. Nathan Entner
Contract DA-49-007-MD-516, "Studies on schistosome
cercariae with special reference to inhibition
of penetration by various agents" Dr. Robert Lewert
499
Contract DA-49-007-MD-604, "Some comparative
studies of American Pomatiopsis with species
of Oncomelania, the vector of Oriental
schistosomiasis" Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Summary prepared by the AdHoc Committee on Experimental
Conditions to be Considered in Studies on
Schistosomes and Their Hosts Dr. H. van der Schalie
Report by Dr. G. J. Dammin concerning his visit to
Guatemala City in connection with the activities of the
Commission on Enteric Infections
Presentation of data on origin of cases of schistosomiasis
occurring in Navy personnel Captain John R. Seal
Comments on investigations on eosinophilic bowel
infiltrates Drs. Beaver and Dammin
1745 Regular session adjourned
March 8
0935 Executive Session
Introductory remarks by Commission Director Dr. T. H. Weller
Review of applications for extension of contracts:
"Visceral larva migrans and its relation to
tropical eosinophilia" Dr. Paul Beaver
"Further studies on carbohydrate metabolism
of Ascaris lumbricoides" Dr. Nathan Entner
"Studies on schistosome cercariae with special
reference to inhibition of penetration by various
agents" Dr. Robert M. Lewert
"Studies of American Pomatiopsis snails with biological
relationship almost identical to Oncomelania, the
vector of Oriental schistosomiasis "Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Consideration of application for new contract Dr. Ernest Bueding
Report on status of Alaskan hydatid problem
Consideration of status of program of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Old business
New business
1403 Meeting adjourned
500
Outline of Meeting
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Hotel Deauville, Miami Beach, Florida
4 November 1958
1000 Meeting called to order by Commission DirectorDr. Thomas Weller
Introductory remarksDr. Thomas Francis, Jr., President of
AFEB
Captain R. W. Babione, Executive
Secretary
Reports by:
Colonel G. K. Fair, Department of the Air Force
Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Cooch, Department of the Army
Commander B. Gundelfinger, Department of the Navy
Comment by Dr. Weller on his visit to Lebanon
Report of Ad hoc Committee on Malaria Research
Review of status of research on vector repellents
Report on activity of alkyldibenzylamines on Schistosoma
mansoni in vitro Dr. Ernest Bueding
Executive session
Consideration of contract applications by:
Dr. L. Rozeboom
Dr. F. B. Bang
Dr. Marion Brooke on behalf of Dr. Irving Kagan
Action on membership of the Commission
Reports on other activities of members
Other business
Memorandum concerning use of human volunteers
Meeting adjourned
Tentative Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
9-10 March 1959
March 9
GENERAL SESSION
1000
1. Introductory remarks Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr., President, AFEB
1015
2. Comments on administrative matters Captain R. W. Babione, MC, USN,
Executive Secretary, AFEB
1030
3. Presentation on status of parasitic diseases in the Armed Forces
1030 Department of the Air Force
1045 Department of the Army
1100 Department of the Navy
1115 Intermission
501
1130
4. Report on work under contract DA-49-007-MD-633,Dr. Paul Beaver, Tulane University
"Visceral larva migrans in relation to tropical eosinophilia "School of Medicine
a. Clinical, therapeutic, and etiologic studies on tropical Dr. T. J. Danaraj, Lecturer in
Medicine, University of Malaya
b. Parasitological studies (15 min)Mr. J. F. Schacher, Research Associate
c. Summary (15 min)Dr. Paul Beaver
d. Discussion
1230-1345
RECESS FOR LUNCH
1345
5. Progress report on contract DA-49-007-MD-975 of Dr. Emil Kmetec, Research Associate,
Dr. Ernest Bueding, "Study on the mechanism of Department of Pharmacology,
anthelminthic action of dithiazanine" School of Medicine, Louisiana State
University
1405
Discussion of Dr. Kmetec`s Report
1415
6. Report and request for extension of contract Dr. Nathan Entner, New York University
DA-49-007-MD-692, "Enzymatic aspects of carbohydrate
metabolism in Ascaris lumbricoides"
1445
Discussion of Dr. Entner`s Report
1500
7. Progress report on contract of Dr. Lloyd Rozeboom, Dr. Lee M. Howard, Research
DA-49-007-MD-1023, "Factors influencing Associate, Johns Hopkins University
susceptibility and immunity of the mosquito to infection by the malaria parasite"
1520
Discussion of Dr. Howard`s Report
1530
Intermission
1540
8. Report on contract, DA-49-007-MD-516, "Studies on Dr. Robert M. Lewert, University
schistosome cercariae with special reference to of Chicago
inhibition of penetration by various agents"
1615
Discussion of Dr. Lewert`s Report
1625
9. Progress report on Dr. Harry Most`s contract, Dr. Meir Yoeli, Department of
DA-49-007-MD-964, "Biological studies in malaria Preventive Medicine, New York
(P. berghei)" University College of Medicine
1645
Discussion of Dr. Yoeli`s report
1655
10. Report on contract DA-49-007-MD-604, "Some Dr. Henry van der Schalie,
comparative studies of American Pomatiopsis with University of Michigan
species of Oncomelania, the vector of oriental
schistosomiasis"
502
1725
Discussion of Dr. van der Schalie`s Report
Adjournment
March 10
EXECUTIVE SESSION
0930
1. Remarks regarding membership
2. Consideration of proposals by contractors.
a. Dr. Beaver
b. Dr. Bueding
c. Dr. Entner
d. Dr. Rozeboom
e. Dr. Lewert
f. Dr. Most
g. Dr. van der Schalie
3. Matter of priorities on research contracts and of "advance financing"
4. Discussion of AFEB policy on "consultantships"
5. Consideration of response from Department of Agriculture on easing of restrictions on strains of malaria
6. Statement from Department of Agriculture on support of research on repellents
7. Other business
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Claypool Hotel, Indianapolis, Indiana
27 October 1959
GENERAL SESSION
0930 Introductory remarks Dr. Thomas Francis, Jr., President, AFEB
Colonel John Rizzolo, USAF (MC),
Executive Secretary, AFEB
Dr. Gustave J. Dammin, Director, CPD
1000 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers of the Armed Forces
1030 Coffee Break
1045 Current work on the treatment of malaria Dr. Alf S. Alving
1145 Discussion: Commission Members and Guests
1215 Lunch
1330 Malaria and other research in parasitology at the Naval Medical Research Institute
Dr. Clay G. Huff
1400 Recent work of AFPCB on control of insect vectors Colonel Ralph W. Bunn, MSC
1420 General discussion-Malaria
1440 Informal reports and discussion of training, Dr. Ernest Bueding
therapy, research and travel Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
503
Dr. Donald McMullen
Dr. Harry Most
Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Dr. Thomas H. Weller
1540 Coffee
1600 Executive Session
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
7-8 April 1960
General Session-7 April
0930 Introductory Remarks Dr. Gustave J. Dammin, Director
Colonel John Rizzolo, USAF, MC,
Executive Secretary, AFEB
Major Thomas B. Dunne, MC, R & D
Command
1000 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force
1030 Intermission
1045 Requirements for personnel and training for work in tropical areas
Subject to be introduced by Dr. Sadun
Discussion by representatives of the Military, Public Health Service and Commission
Members
1130 Dr. Henry van der Schalie: "Studies of American Pomatiopsis snails"
1200 Film describing work of the 406th Med. Gen. Lab., Zama, Japan
1230 Recess for lunch
1400 Dr. Harry Most and Dr. Meir Yoeli: "Biological Studies in Malaria"
1445 Dr. Lloyd Rozeboom and Dr. L. M. Howard: "Factors Influencing the Susceptibility and
Immunity of the Mosquito to Infection by the Malaria Parasite"
1530 Work of the Military in Malaria Chemoprophylaxis
MALARIA: GENERALDISCUSSION
1700 Adjournment
General Session-8 April
0900 "Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical
Eosinophilia" Dr. Paul Beaver, Dr. John Schacher,
and Dr. T. J. Danaraj
0945 "Studies on Schistosome Cercariae with Special Reference
to Inhibition of Penetration by Various Agents" Dr. Robert Lewert, Dr.S.
Mandlowitz, and Dr. D. Dusanic
1030 Intermission
1045 "Mechanisms of Anthelminthic Action" Dr. Ernest Bueding
1130 "Enzymatic Aspects of Carbohydrate Metabolism
in Ascaris lumbricoides" Dr. Nathan Entner
1200 Informal Reports on Research and Travel
1300 Recess for Lunch
1400 EXECUTIVE SESSION
Meeting of full members of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases for consideration of
contract proposals, financing and membership
504
Records of meetings were not available
for fall of 1960 and spring of 1961
Outline of Joint Meeting
AFEB Commission on Parasitic Diseases and
Commission on Enteric Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
31 October 1961
0900 Meeting called to order by the Director Dr. Harry Most
Comments of AFEB President Dr. G. J. Dammin
Reports of military representatives:
Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Cooch, Army
Commander J. W. Miller, Navy
Lieutenant Colonel F. L. Bowling, Air Force
Lieutenant Colonel H. J. Donnelly, R & D Command
Brigadier General J. H. Forsee, R & D Command
Comments by Commission on Enteric Disease`s Director Dr. F. S. Cheever
Review of WRAIR research program on parasitic diseases Dr. Elvio Sadun
Lunch
Laboratory demonstration, WRAIR Department of Medical Zoology
Brief reviews of:
Schistosomiasis research program in Puerto Rico Lieutenant Colonel L. P. Frick
Research on schistosomiasis at 406th Laboratory in Japan Mr. J. E. Williams
Research on T. cruzi infection at 3rd Army Area Laboratory Major B. Walton
Research and other activities of U.S. Army in East Africa (Uganda) Major D. Price
Executive Session
1740 Meeting adjourned
505
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
6-7 March 1962
6 March 1962
Joint Meeting-Commission on Enteric Infections and Parasitic Diseases
0930-1000 Remarks President, AFEB, Directors of
Commissions and Executive Secretary,
AFEB
1000-1045 Comments by Service Representatives
Division of Army
Division of Navy
Division of Air Force
1045-1115 Coffee and informal reports by Commission Members
1115-1300 Presentations by Commission on Enteric Infections Dr. Cheever presiding
1300-1400 Lunch
1400-1700 Presentation of progress reports and consideration of proposal for extension of contracts
and new contracts
1700-1800 Executive Session
1800 Adjournment
7 March 1962
0930-1230 Meeting-Ad Hoc Committee on Malaria
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Communicable Disease Center
30 October 1962
Dr. Harry Most-Presiding
0930-1000 Welcome Dr. James Goddard, Chief, CDC
Remarks President, AFEB, Executive Secretary,
AFEB and Commission Director
1000-1100 Comments by Service Representatives covering:
a. Disease problems in Vietnam and Thailand, etc.
b. Current status of drugs for parasitic infections
c. Status of revision of all TB-MEDS related to our Commission
Division of Army
Division of Navy
Division of Air Force
1100-1130 Coffee and informal reports by Commission
Members and miscellaneous additional
Commission business Executive Secretary
1130-1200 Report on Malaria Drs. G. Robert Coatney and Martin
D. Young
Discussion
1200-1230 Organization and Program of the CDC Dr. Alan Donaldson, Deputy Chief, CDC
1230-1300 Lunch
506
1300-1400 Conducted Tour of CDC Facilities (Meet in
laboratory of auditorium, Building 2) Mr. Wallace Richter, Information Office
1400-1430 Continuation of Report on Malaria Drs. Coatney and Young
1430-1445 Coffee
1445-1645 Parasitological Activities of CDC
a. Dr. Marion Brook, Chief, Laboratory Consultation & Development Section
b. Dr. Mae Melvin, Chief, Parasitology Training Unit
c. Dr. Harry Pratt, Chief, Vector Control Services Training Section
d. Dr. Irving Kagan, Chief, Parasitology Unit
Agenda
Joint Meeting of Commissions on Environmental Hygiene
Enteric Infections
Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Wednesday, 6 March 1963
0900-1000 Concluding Presentations Dr. Geiman
Commission on Enteric Infections Dr. Reeves
1000-1015 Recess, Coffee
Commission on Parasitic Diseases, Dr. Most, Director
1015 Opening Remarks President, AFEB, Executive Secretary,
Commission Director
Reports by Responsible Investigators
1045 Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical
Eosinophilia Dr. Beaver
1105 Isolation of Specific Antigens from Larval and
Adult Stages of Schistosomes Dr. Kent
1125 a) Studies on Schistosome Cercariae with Special Reference to Inhibition of
Penetration by Various Agents
b) Immunity to Schistosoma japonicum inMan Dr. Lewert
1200 Recess, Lunch
1330 Serotonin and Histamine Production in
Ascariasis Dr. Rogozzino
1350 Studies of American Pomatiopsis Snails with
Biological Relationships Almost Identical to
Oncomelania, the Intermediate Host to Oriental
Schistosomiasis Dr. van der Schalie
1410 Host-parasite Relationship in Normal and
Abnormal Hosts of Schistosomidae Dr. von Lichtenberg
1430 Biological Studies in Malaria (P. berghei) Dr. Harry Most
1450 Recess,Coffee
1500 Executive Session
Commission on Parasitic Diseases Dr. Most
1. Personnel Recommendations
2. Contract Recommendations
3. General Recommendations
4. Future Meetings
507
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases, AFEB
Center for Continuing Education
University of Chicago
5 November 1963
0930-1000 Remarks President, AFEB;
Executive Secretary, AFEB;
Commission Director
1000-1100 Comments by Service Representatives
Army
Navy
Air Force
1100-1130 Coffee and miscellaneous additions relative to
Commission business Executive Secretary
Research Program in Illinois Area Chairman-Dr. Lewert
1130-1200 Presentation "Detection of Soluble Antigen-
Antibody Complexes in Helminth Infections" Mr. Donald G. Dusanic
1200-1230 Film covering the endemic area of schistoso-
miasis on Leyte Dr. Lewert
1230-1400 Lunch
1400-1530 DISCUSSION RELATIVE TO MALARIA
Dr. Alving`s Program in Statesville
Current Status of CI-501 Dr. Coatney
General discussion
1530-1600 Consideration of grant applications and new business
1600 Adjournment
Tour of laboratories-optional
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
12-13 March 1964
12 March 1964
0900 Opening Remarks President, AFEB-Dr. Dammin
Executive Secretary-Captain Britten
Commission Director-Dr. Most
0915 Reports by Service Representatives
Army
Navy
Air Force
1045 Coffee break and informal reports by Commission Members
PRESENTATION OF PROGRESS REPORTS
1100 Dr. R. Audy
1130 Dr. P Beaver
1200 Dr. N. Kent (by Dr. E. Bueding)
1230 Lunch
508
1400 Dr. R. Lewert
1430 Dr. H. Most
1500 Dr. van der Schalie
1530 Dr. von Lichtenberg
1600 Coffee Recess
1630 New Contracts:
Dr. J. Burckhalter
Dr. K. Warren
1730 Supper
1930 Executive Session
Personnel Recommendations
Contract Recommendations
General Recommendations
Future Meetings
13 March 1964
0930 Malaria
1100 Coffee Recess
1230 Lunch
1400 A possible meeting of Malaria Committee:
Recommendations
Agenda
Committee on Malaria
Parasitic Diseases Commission
Armed Forces Epidemiology Board
13 March 1964, WRAIR, Washington, D.C.
Dr. A. Alving
Dr. R. Coatney
Dr. R. Elderfield
Dr. C. Huff
Dr. L. Rozeboom
Dr. E. Sadun
Dr. L. Schmidt
Dr. L. Stauber
Dr. W. Trager
Dr. T. Weller
Dr. H.Most
Chairman
1. Current Malaria Research
A.
1. Biology Dr. C. Huff
2. Physiology and Metabolism Dr. W. Trager
3. Immunology Dr. L. Stauber
4. Chemotherapy Dr. R. Elderfield
5. Entomology Dr. L. Rozeboom
Lieutenant Colonel J. Geary
Army Colonel W. Tigertt
Dr. E. Sadun
NIH Dr. A. Alving
Dr. J. Andrews
Navy Dr. J. Jeffery
Dr. J. Millar
509
Air Force General F. Duff
State Department Dr. P Lee
National Academy of Sciences Dr. K. Cannon
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
New York University Medical Center
3 November 1964
Opening remarks and welcome Commission Director
Comments President, Armed Forces
Epidemiological Board, and
report of travel abroad Executive Secretary Report
Coffee
Reports of Preventive Medicine officers and discussion
Report-Pest Control Board
Luncheon
Summary report of first meeting, Commission on Malaria
Status of TB-MEDS
New applications
Personnel and membership
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
1 March 1965
0900-0920 Call to order and introductory remarks Commission Director and President
of AFEB
0920-0940 Report of Executive Secretary
0940-1030 Reports from preventive medicine officers Departments of the Army,Navy,
Air Force, and R & D Command
1030-1100 Coffee Break
1100-1200 Report on status of drugs for treatment of parasitic diseases
Report on status of TB-MEDS
Discussion of potential problems for research in the parasitic diseases area of
military importance
1200-1300 Lunch
1300-1500 Presentation of progress reports of responsible investigators:
"Endoparasites of Oriental Primates" Contract No.
DA-49-193-MD-2291 Dr. J. Ralph Audy
"Visceral Larva Migrans in Relation to Tropical
Eosinophilia" Contract No. DA-49-007-MD-633
and DA-49-193-MD-2677 Dr. Paul C. Beaver
"Immunity to Schistosoma japonicum in man"
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2320 Dr. Robert M. Lewert
510
"Epidemiology of Filariasis in the Philippine
Islands" Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2370 Dr. Lloyd Rozeboom
1500-1515 Coffee Break
1515-1630 Presentation of progress reports continued:
"Studies of American Pomatiopsis snails with
Biological Relationships Almost Identical to
Oncomelania, the Vector of Oriental
Schistosomiasis" Contract No. DA-49-007-
MD-604 Dr. Henry van der Schalie
"Host-Parasite Relationship in Normal and
Abnormal Hosts of Schistosomide" Contract
No. DA-49-193-MD-2253 Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
"Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis" Contract
No. DA-49-193-MD-2639 Dr. Kenneth S. Warren
1700 Executive Session
Consideration of renewal applications, personnel action, reappointments and appointments
Date of next meeting: November 6, 1965 in New Orleans
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Tulane University School of Medicine
6 November 1965
Opening remarks and welcome Dr. Paul C. Beaver
Comments President, AFEB; Director,
Commission on Parasitic Diseases;
and Executive Secretary
Reports by Preventive Medicine Officers, Armed Services; discussion by military and R&D
representatives; report by Major Legters
Luncheon and after-luncheon scientific presentations: Research activities in parasitic and tropical
diseases, Tulane University, Dr. Beaver presiding
Reports relative to drugs and TB-MEDS
Summary of attendance at foreign meetings and foreign travel
Business mattersrelative to contracts and funds
Adjournment
* In compliance with directive of the President, AFEB, to permit review of current military situation and needs, priorities in the research program, etc.
511
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute for Research
14 March 1966
0900-0920 Call to order and introductory remarks Commission Director and President
of AFEB
0920-0940 Report of the Executive Secretary
0940-1040 Reports from Preventive Medicine officers Departments of the Army, Navy, and
Air Force
1045 Coffee break
1100-1130 Reports: Status of TB-MEDS: Status of drugs for treatment of parasitic diseases;
discussion of potential problems for research in the parasitic disease area of
military importance
1300-1400 Lunch
01400-1530 Presentation of progress reports of responsible investigators
"Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia"
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2677 Dr. Paul C. Beaver
"Immunity to Schistosoma japonicum in Man"
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2320 Dr. Robert M. Lewert
"Studies of American Pomatiopsis snails with
Biological Relationships Almost Identical to
Oncomelania, the Vector of Oriental Schisto-
somiasis" Contract No. DA-49-MD-604 Dr. Henry van der Schalie
1530 Coffee break
1545-1645 Presentation of progress reports continued
"Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infections"
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2253 Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
"Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis" Contract
No. DA-49-193-MD-2639 Dr. Kenneth S. Warren
1645-1700 Special report Dr. Ernest Bueding
1700 Executive Session
Consideration of renewal applications
Personnel actions, reappointments, and appointments
Date of next meeting
512
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
18 November 1966
SCHISTOSOMIASIS CONFERENCE
I. Current Status of Schistosomiasis in Southeast Asia Dr. Donald McMullen, WRAIR,
1. "Report on a Recent Visit to Thailand" Washington, D.C.
2. "Report on a Recent Visit to the Philippines, Dr. Steve Pan, Harvard School of
Thailand, Taiwan, and Japan" Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
3. "Report on Several Cases Apparently Dr. Harry Most, New York Univer-
Contracted in Laos" sity School of Medicine
Discussion of Part I
II. Quantitative and Comparative Pathology of Human Schistosomiasis
1. "Autopsy Studies in Bahia, Brazil" Dr. Allen Cheever, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
2. "S. haematobium Pathology in Ibadan, Nigeria- Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg, Harvard
Impressions and Projected Studies" School of Public Health
Discussion ofPart II
III. Treatment of Schistosomiasis
1. "Studies on Treatment of Schistosomiasis in Egypt Dr. William DeWitt, NIH
and Puerto Rico"
2. "Preliminary Observations on the Biochemical Dr. Ernest Bueding, Johns Hopkins
Actions of CIBA 32, 644-Ba (Ambilhar)" School of Hygiene and Public
Health, Baltimore, Maryland
3. Informal Reports on Ambilhar
Dr. Thomas Weller
Dr. Harry Most
Discussion of Part III
IV. Recent Immunological Developments Concerning Human Schistosomiasis
1. "Anaphylactic (Reaginic) Antibodies in Dr. Elvio Sadun, WRAIR
Schistosomiasis"
513
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
13-14 March 1967
13 March 1967
Call to order and introductory remarks Commission Director and President
of AFEB
Report of Executive Secretary
Reports from Preventive Medicine officers Departments of the Army, Navy, and
Air Force
Coffee Break
Presentation and discussion by R & D representatives
Reports
Status of TB-MEDS
Status of drugs for treatment of parasitic diseases
Discussion of potential problems for research in the parasitic diseases area of military importance
Lunch
Presentation of progress reports of responsible investigators
"Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia" Dr. P C. Beaver
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2677
"Immunity to Schistosoma japonicum in man" Dr. R. M. Lewert
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2320
"Studies of American Pomatiopsis Snails with Dr. H. van der Schalie
Biological Relationships Almost Identical to
Oncomelania, the Vector of Oriental Schistosomiasis"
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2651
Coffee Break
Presentation of progress reports continued
"Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infections" Dr. F. von Lichtenberg
Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2253
"Pathophysiology of Schistosomiasis" Contract Dr. K. S. Warren
No. DA-49-193-MD-2639
"Parasitic Antigens" Dr. P E. Thompson
Executive Session
Consideration of new and renewal applications
Personnel actions, reappointments, and appointments
Date of next meeting
14 March 1967
Conference on Hemoflagellates-Dr. Leslie Stauber, Presiding
General
Fine Structure and Differentiation William Trager, Rockefeller University
Trypanosomes
Highlights of Current Status of Chagas` Disease Frank Neva, Harvard Medical
School
Chemotherapy Frans Goble, Ciba Pharmaceutical
Immunology Nathan Entner, New York University
Medical Center
514
Leishmaniasis
Clinical Aspects and Epidemiology in Africa Kevin Cahill, St. Clare`s Hospital
Chemotherapy of Cutaneous in the Americas Bryce Walton, U.S. Army
Research Unit, Panama
Reservoir Hosts-Identification and Evaluation Leslie Stauber
Other participants and discussants
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology H. Hopps
D. Price
D. Winslow
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research E. Sadun
E. Fife
Naval Medical Research Institute A. Pipkin
Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID T. von Brand
Gorgas Memorial Laboratory Martin Young
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia
31 October 1967
0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Thomas Gill for Dr.
Gustave Dammin, President
Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director
Captain Sidney Britten, Executive
Secretary
0915 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers:
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel John Einarson
Department of the Navy
Department of the Air Force Major Amos Townsend
Representative, USA Med R&D Command Lieutenant Colonel Robert Cutting|
Report on Niridazole Conference Dr. Ernest Bueding
Dr. Elvio Sadun
0945 Recess-Coffee
SPECIAL REPORTS-Organized mostly by Elvio Sadun
1000 WRAIR: Parasitologic Investigations in Uganda Lieutenant Colonel Norman E. Wilks
WRAIR: Problems in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Major Duane G. Erickson
Malaria and Amebiasis in Vietnam
SEATO: Scope of Present Effort and Plans for Dr. Robert S. Desowitz
Immediate Future of the SEATO
Parasitological Program
WRAIR: Overseas Components of WRAIR Colonel Stefano Vivona
WRAIR: Parasitology as Presented in the WRAIR Lieutenant Colonel James C. Burke
Global Medicine Course
WRAIR: Filariasis and Schistosomiasis in Vietnam Lieutenant Colonel L. J. Legters
NAMRU-2: Capillariasis in the Philippines Dr. John Cross
515
1130 Executive Session
1330 LEPOSPIROSIS CONFERENCE
Introductory Remarks Dr. Frank Neva, Program Chairman
I. Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Dr. Fred McCrumb, University of
Leptospirosis in S.E. Asia Maryland School of Medicine
Clinical Varieties of Leptospirosis in S.E. Asia
WRAIR: Epidemiology of Leptospirosis with Dr. A. D. Alexander
Particular Reference to S.E. Asia
II. Recent Experience with Leptospirosis in S.E. Asia
WRAIR: Known and Suspected Incidence of Lieutenant Colonel L. J. Legters
Leptospirosis in U.S. Military Personnel
WRAIR: Management of Renal Failure Captain Andrew Whelton
Criteria for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Dr. A. D. Alexander
III. Approaches to Leptospirosis Control for the Dr. Lyle E. Hanson, University of Il-
Military Experience with Leptospiral Vaccines linois, College of Veterinary Medicine
in Veterinary Medicine, and Considerations
for their Use in Man
Treatment of Leptospirosis and Possibilities of Dr. Fred McCrumb
Chemoprophylaxis
IV. Summing-up and Open Discussion
1. Feasibility of Environmental Control of Leptospirosis
2. New Information Having Important Implications for Pathogenesis, Control, Treatment,
and Diagnosis of Leptospirosis
Other Participants and Discussants Dr. Charles D. Cox, University of
Massachusetts
Dr. Victor M. Arean, University of
Florida
Dr. Russell C. Johnson, University of
Minnesota
516
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
25 March 1968
0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director
Dr. Gustave Dammin, President
Captain Sidney A. Britten, Executive
Secretary
0915 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers:
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel John Einarson
Department of the Navy Captain Charles Miller
Department of the Air Force Major A. Townsend
Representative, USA Med R&D Command Lieutenant Colonel Robert Cutting 1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Research at Overseas Military Installations Dr. Elvio Sadun
1245 Recess-Lunch
1345 Executive Session
Status of TB-MEDS and Drugs for Parasitic Diseases
Discussion of Grants, Contracts, and Progress Reports
Personnel
Consideration of Short- and Long-Term Plans of Commission
Program of Fall Meeting
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
2-3 December 1968
Monday, 2 December
0930 Introductory Remarks Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director
Dr. Gustave Dammin, President
Colonel Bradley Prior, Executive
Secretary
SYMPOSIUM ON FILARIASIS
0945 Film on Filariasis-Introduction and Comment Colonel Lyman Frick
Dr. Donald Price
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Interpretation of Microfilaremia Dr. Guillermo Pacheco
1115 Immunological Aspects and Hypersensitivity Dr. D. J. Stechschulte
1145 Serodiagnosis Dr. Elvio Sadun
Dr. Ralph Duxbury
1215 Filariasis in Vietnam Major Edward Colwell
Lieutenant Duane R. Armstrong
1245 Recess-Lunch
1400 Pulmonary Filariasis Dr. Paul C. Beaver
1430 Pathogenesis of Onchocercal Dermatitis Dr. Daniel Connor
1500 Recess-Coffee
1515 Prophylaxis and Treatment Dr. Harry Most
517
1545 General Discussion
1630 Adjournment
Tuesday, 3 December
0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director
Dr. Gustave Dammin, President
1910 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers:
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel John R. Gauld
Department of the Navy Commander Stephen J. Kendra
Department of the Air Force Major Amos Townsend
Representative, USA Med R & D Command Captain Robert Edelman
1030 Defense Research in Latin America Colonel Hugh Keegan
1045 Recess-Coffee
PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATORS
1100 Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia
(ContractDA-49-193-MD-2677) Dr. Paul Beaver
Biological Relationships of Pomatiopsis and
Oncomelania (ContractDA-449-007-MD-604) Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosomiasis
(ContractDA-49-193-MD-2253) Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
Parasite Antigens (ContractDA-49-193-MD-2927) Dr. William Stucki
1300 Recess-Lunch
1400 Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis (Contract
DADA-17-67-7142) Dr. Donald Twohy
Studies on Schistosomajaponicum in the
Philippines (ContractDA-49-193-MF-2320) Drs. Robert Lewert and M. Yogore
BiologicalProperties of Trypanosoma rhodesiense
and Trypanosoma gambiense Dr. John Seed
1530 Recess-Coffee
1545 Rabbit AnaphylacticAntibody Dr. Nathan Zvaifler
Geographic Pathology in Northeast Thailand Dr. Sylvanus Nye
1645 Executive Session
Consideration of new and renewal applications
Programs and dates of future meetings
Short- and long-term plans of the Commission
Othe rbusiness
518
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
24 March 1969
0900 Introductory Remarks Dr. Paul C. Beaver, Director
Dr. Gustave J. Dammin, President
Colonel Bradley W. Prior, Executive
Secretary
0920 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel John R. Gauld
Department of the Navy Lieutenant J. M. Sachs
Department of the Air Force Lieutenant Colonel P. F. Nugent
Report of Representative of USA Med R&D
Command Major Robert Edelman
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Special Reports on LATIN AMERICAN PARASITIC DISEASE PROBLEMS
The Amazon Region (Lower Amazon) Dr. Howard Hopps
The Andean Region (Upper Amazon) Dr. Alfred Buck
Leishmaniasis Lieutenant Colonel Bryce Walton
Research Program at Gorgas Laboratory Dr. Martin Young
1245 Recess-Lunch
1345 Executive Session
Contracts
Commission Program
General Recommendations
1700 Adjournment
Agenda
Meeting of the Commission on Parasitic Diseases and the Commission on Immunization
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
16-17 October 1969
Thursday, 16 October
0830 Introductory Remarks Drs. Abram S. Benenson and Paul C.
Beaver, Commission Directors
Dr. Gustave Dammin, President
Colonel Bradley W. Prior, Executive
Secretary
0845 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Winter
Department of the Navy Commander Stephen J. Kendra
Department of the Air Force LieutenantColonel Otis W. Jones
Report, Representative of USA Med R&D
Command Lieutenant Colonel Donald W.
Sample
1000 Recess-Coffee
1015 Progress Reports on Research Sponsored by Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Filariasis in Relation to Tropical Eosinophilia Dr. Paul C. Beaver
519
Intermediate Snail Hosts of Oriental and African
Schistosomiasis Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosome Infections Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
Parasite Antigens Dr. William P Stucki
Effects of Temperature on Leishmania Metabolism Dr. John Janovy, Jr.
The Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis Dr. Donald W. Twohy
Biological Properties of African Trypanosomes Dr. Richard Seed
Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Dr. William L. Hanson
1245 Recess-Lunch
1400 Progress Reports on Research Sponsored by Commission on Immunization
Factors Influencing the Pattern of the Immune
Response Dr. Geoffrey Edsall
Effect of Dosage Interval on Response to Re-
immunization with Cholera Vaccine Dr. Willard F. Verwey
Studies on Immunization of Man Against Plague Dr. Karl F. Meyer
Isolation and Characterization of Lympho-
granuloma Venereum Agents Dr. Karl F. Meyer
1530 Recess-Coffee
1545 Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Dr. Abraham G. Osler
Antibody Formation and Immunity Dr. Jonathan W. Uhr
Antibody Structure and Function Dr. Hernan N. Eisen
1700 Adjournment
Friday, 17 October
SYMPOSIUM ON IMMUNITY AND PARASITIC DISEASES
0900 Structure and Functions of Immunoglobulins H. N. Eisen
0920 Mechanisms of Allergy and Hypersensitivity K. E Austen
0940 Immune Mechanisms of Resistance G. B. Mackaness
1000 General Discussion
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Immunoglobulins and Hypersensitivity in Toxoplasmosis J. S. Remington
1115 Mechanisms of Histamine Release in Rabbing Schisto-
somiasis J. F. Barbaro
1145 Cell Mediated Immune Response E. J. L. Soulsby
1215 Recess-Lunch
1330 Delayed Hypersensitivity and Lymphocyte Transfor-
mation in Trichinella spiralis C. W. Kim
1400 Delayed Hypersensitivity and Granuloma Formation
in Schistosomiasis K. S. Warren
1500 Immunization by the Use of Irradiated Parasites E. H. Sadun
1535 Recess-Coffee
1545 Commission on Parasitic Diseases, Executive Session
1700 Adjournment
520
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
23 March 1970
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President, and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel J. E. Ward
Department of the Navy Lieutenant J. M. Sachs
Department of the Air Force Colonel G. W. Powell
Report from the Representative of USA Med Colonel G. Rapmund
R&D Command
1015 Recess-coffee
1030 Special Reports
In vitroleukocytic and passive cutaneous anaphy- Major E.J. Colwell
laxis reactions in trichinosis and schistosomiasis
Filariasis in South Vietnam Captain T. J. Sullivan
Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis in E. Africa Lieutenant Colonel Dale Wykoff
American leish maniasis and trypanosomiasis Dr. Louis Olivier
1245 Recess-Lunch
1345 Executive Session
1700 Adjournment
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
26-27 October 1970
Monday, 26 October
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President, and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0930 Reports, Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Major J. W. Cutting
Department of the Navy Commander R. D. Comer
Department of the Air Force Colonel P. F. Nugent
Report, Representative of USA Med R&D
Command Colonel R. F. Barquist
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESPONSIBLE INVESTIGATORS
Immunity to Chagas` Disease (Contract No. Dr. William Hanson
DADA 17-69-C-9167)
Effects of Temperature on Leishmania Metabolism Dr. John Janovy, Jr.
(Contract No. DADA 17-69-C-9122)
Immunodiagnosis and Molecular Components of Dr. Iris Krupp
Entamoeba histolytica (Contract No. DADA
17-69-C-9122)
Mode of Action of Halogens in Bacteria and Dr. Cornelius Kruse
Viruses and Protozoa in Water Systems
(Contract No. DA-49-193-MD-2314)
521
1245 Lunch
1415 Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis (Contract Dr. Donald Twohy
No. DADA 17-69-C-9135)
Biological Relationships of Pomatiopsis and Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Oncomelania (Contract No.DA-49-007-MD-604)
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosomiasis Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
(Contract No.DA-49-193-MD-2253)
Rabbit Anaphylactic Antibody in Schistosomiasis Dr. Nathan Zvaifler (Dr. Zvaifler was
(Contract No.DA-49-193-MD-2911) unable to attend)
1615 Recess-Coffee
1630 Executive Session
Tuesday, 27 October
0815 Introductory Remarks Commission Director and President
of the Board
SYMPOSIUM ON SCHISTOSOMIASIS
0830 Second International Congress of Parasitology Dr. E. H. Sadun
0845 Research at WRAIR Dr. E. H. Sadun
0915 Research at 406th MedicalLaboratory Dr. G. M. Davis
1000 General Discussion
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Research at NAMRI Commander M. H. Stirewalt
1115 Research atNAMRU-3 Captain D. C. Kent
1145 General Discussion
1215 Lunch
1345 Research at NIH Dr. A. W. Cheever
1415 Research at Peter Bent BrighamHospital Dr. F. von Lichtenberg
1445 Research at HarvardUniversity Dr. T. H. Weller
1515 General Discussion
1545 Recess-Coffee
1600 Research at Santa Lucia, W.I. Dr. P. Jordan
1640 Research at Johns HopkinsUniversity Dr. E. Bueding
1700 General Discussion
522
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
22 March 1971
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President, and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Major John Cutting
Department of the Navy None
Department of the Air Force Colonel P. F. Nugent
Representative, USA MedR&D Command Colonel Donald W. Sample
1030 Recess-Coffee
1045 Discussion of Commission Objectives
1200 Recess-Lunch
1330 Executive Session
1700 Adjournment
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
27 October 1971
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President, and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the ArmyMajor C. T. Kaelber
Department of the Navy Lieutenant Commander J. W.
Poundstone
Department of the Air Force Lieutenant Colonel O. W. Jones
Representatives, USA Med R&D Command Colonel D. E. Wykoff, Colonel R. F.
Barquist, and Colonel D. W.
Sample
1000 Recess-Coffee
1015 Progress Reports of Responsible Investigators
Biological Relationships of Pomatiopsis and Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Oncomelania (DA-49-193-MD-2651)
Anaphylactic Antibody in Schistosomiasis Dr. Nathan Zvaifler
(DA-49-193-MD-2911)
Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis Dr. John Janovy
(DADA 17-69-C-9135)
Temperature Effects on Leishmania Metabolism
(DADA 17-69-C-9122)
1215 Lunch
1330 Immunity to Chagas` Disease (DADA Dr. William Hanson
17-69-C-9167)
Transmission of Entamoeba histolytica Dr. Richard Stringer
for Dr. Cornelius Kruse
523
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosomiasis Dr. Franz von Lichtenberg
(DA-49-193-MD-2253)
Biochemical and Antigenic Changes inTry- Dr. Gilbert Sanchez
panosomes
Immunization Against Trypanosoma gambiense Dr. John R. Seed
1630 Recess-Coffee
1645 Executive Session
1745 Adjournment
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
20 March 1972
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Lieutenant Colonel P. E. Winter
Department of the Navy Lieutenant Commander J. W. Poundstone
Department of the Air Force Lieutenant Colonel F. T. Corker
Representative, USA Med R&D Command Colonel D. W. Sample
1000 Recess-Coffee
1015 Executive Session
1230 Recess-Lunch
1330 Executive Session
1700 Adjournment
Agenda
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
26 October 1972
0900 Introductory Remarks Commission Director, President, and
Executive Secretary of the Board
0915 Reports of Preventive Medicine Officers
Department of the Army Colonel Robert Cutting
Department of the Navy Captain C. E. Alexander
Department of the Air Force Lieutenant Colonel F. T. Corker
Representative, USA MedR&D Command Colonel D. W. Sample
1000 Recess-Coffee
1015 Progress Reports of Responsible Investigators
Studies of the Intermediate Snail Hosts of Dr. Henry van der Schalie
Oriental African Schistosomiasis Infections
(DA-49-193-MD-2651)
Anaphylactic Antibody in Helminthic Infections Dr. Nathan Zvaifler
(DADA-17-71-C-1002)
524
Nature of Immunity to Leishmaniasis (DADA Dr. Donald Twohy
17-69-C-9135)
1215 Recess-Lunch
1330 Temperature Effects on Leishmania Metabolism Dr. John Janovy
(DADA 17-69-C-9122)
Immunity to Chagas` Disease (DADA Dr. William Hanson
17-69-C-9167)
Protective Mechanisms in Schistosomiasis Drs. Franz von Lichtenberg and
(DADA 17-72-C-2056) Jerome Smith
Biochemical and Antigenic Changes in Dr. Gilbert Sanchez
Trypanosomes (DADA 17-72-C-2020)
Immunization Against Trypanosoma gambiense Dr. John R. Seed
(DADA 17-72-C-2058)
1600 Recess-Coffee
1615 Executive Session
1800 Adjournment
525
SECTION 6-APPENDIX 4
ANNOUNCEMENT OF GOVERNMENTWIDE CHANGE
OF POLICY REGARDING ADVISORY GROUP
MEDDH-RP 11 DEC 1970
Paul C. Beaver, Ph.D.
Director
Commission on Parasitic Diseases
Department of Tropical Medicine & Public Health
Tulane University School of Medicine
1430 Tulane Avenue
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
Dear Dr. Beaver:
I am writing to inform you, along with the directors or chairmen of other advisory groups to The Surgeon General, of a change in policy that has been made regarding the review of research proposals submitted to the US Army Medical Research and Development Command.
Many members of our civilian advisory groups making recommendations concerning the direction and funding of Army-sponsored medical research also conduct investigations supported by Army contracts. The dual role of these individuals has been necessary because the relatively small number of investigators engaged in studies in certain areas of military interest includes those persons best qualified to provide advice. It has been of concern that an appearance of conflict of interest has been created by this arrangement where in advisory groups review and recommend research proposals which have been submitted by their own members.
Current government standards regarding conflict of interest demand not only that there be no bias or exercise of improper influence but that there be no appearance that such practices might arise. To satisfy these standards, the unction of civilian scientists as contractors must be clearly separated from their function as scientific advisors.
To ensure this clear differentiation, research proposals, including renewal proposals, from members of advisory groups will no longer be submitted to the same advisory groups for review. For example, research proposals submitted by members of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board or its Commissions will not be reviewed by that Board or its Commissions. Appropriate representatives of the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command will review such proposals. Research proposals from individuals who are not members of advisory groups to The Surgeon General will continue to be referred to the appropriate commission or committee. The technical portion of all research proposals pertinent to a committee`s area of interest and advisory responsibility will be made available for information, even though the committee will not be asked to make recommendations regarding funding of those proposals submitted by its own members.
526
MEDDH-RP 11 DEC 1970
Paul C. Beaver, Ph.D.
The revision of procedure is made to comply with present government wide standards pertaining to advisory groups. This change is not intended to discourage anyone from continuing to be a member of an advisory group, a contractor or both. The Army Medical Department continues to have a great need for the services of outstanding civilian scientists as investigators and as advisors. We solicit your continued help and understanding.
Sincerely,
/s/ Richard R. Taylor
RICHARD R. TAYLOR, M.D. Brigadier General, MC
Special Assistant for
Research and Development
