History

Medical Statistics of the United States Army, Calendar Year 1954

CHAPTER V

Other Army Medical Service Activities

DENTAL ACTIVITIES

Dental Care

The objective of the Dental Service in 1954, as in previous years, was to conduct the operation of its facilities and to utilize its personnel and resources in a manner which would insure maximum treatment of acute and disabling diseases, injuries, and deficiencies, and optimum treatment of static, non-disabling conditions and deficiencies?on an equitable priority basis.

Dental standards for enlistment and induction in 1954 remained at the levels prevailing in 1953. Previously established first priorities for other than acute conditions were continued for military personnel having insufficient serviceable masticating teeth and who were destined for duty outside the continental United States.

In many military areas the numbers of personnel requiring first priority care were so great, in proportion to existing facilities, that care of personnel requiring treatment of minor and nondisabling conditions of necessity was deferred for indefinite periods. Due to the heavy and rapid turnover of personnel at many military installations, such deferred treatment cases frequently received only minimal care.

In general, it can be stated that the authorized and available facilities of the Dental Service in 1954 were such as to permit maximum effort and care in the treatment of those diseases and deficiencies which were capable of rendering personnel noneffective in their military duties, and to insure an adequate level of military efficiency. Available facilities did not permit the total required and desired care for all personnel authorized to receive treatment; however, it is felt that a reasonably satisfactory degree of dental health was realized for the Army as a whole.

Table XLV indicates the scope of dental care during 1954 with a distribution of total procedures by category of personnel, worldwide. In table XLVI,

TABLE XLV.?DENTAL PROCEDURES, BY CATEGORY OF PERSONNEL, 1954

Category of personnel	Worldwide	Continental U.S.	Overseas
Total procedures	16,262,703	11,350,435	4,912,268
Army	13,795,595	9,896,806	3,898,789
Navy and Marine Corps	51,168	19,777	31,391
Air Force	127,291	77,137	50,154
Dependents of military	2,070,067	1,253,664	816,403
All other	218,582	103,051	115,531

SOURCE: Dental Service Report, DD Form 447.

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TABLE XLVI.?SELECTED DENTAL PROCEDURES PERFORMED FOR U. S. ARMY AND TOTAL PERSONNEL, 1954

Dental procedure	For all personnel			For Army personnel
Dental procedure	Worldwide	Continental U.S.	Overseas	Worldwide	Continental U.S.	Overseas
Operative, crown, and bridge
Amalgam (one surface)	1,806,841	1,057,665	749,176	1,482,502	887,535	594,967
Amalgam (two or more surfaces)	1,243,167	746,097	497,070	1,017,517	622,547	394,970
Resin	46,054	27,646	18,408	36,952	22,543	14,409
Root canal filling (teeth)	19,710	13,170	6,540	15,897	11,096	4,801
Silicate	688,867	416,355	272,512	585,198	357,937	227,261
Gold (inlay, foil)	10,011	5,862	4,149	8,143	4,751	3,392
Bridge	21,160	11,801	9,359	18,561	10,510	8,051
Gold crown (all types)	8,614	4,572	4,042	7,432	3,944	3,488
Resin crown	5,908	3,015	2,893	4,976	2,598	2,378
Resin crown with metal	1,846	1,373	473	1,567	1,192	375
Other crowns	1,681	1,325	356	1,222	953	269
Prosthodontics
Denture, reconstructed, reline, repair	60,270	32,386	27,884	50,155	26,398	23,751
Full denture	44,336	31,282	13,054	36,132	25,852	10,280
Partial denture	106,388	67,894	38,494	94,819	61,666	33,153
Other maxillofacial appliances	1,566	975	591	1,135	714	421
Oral surgery
Alveolectomy	50,729	41,676	9,053	43,768	36,981	6,787
Apicoectomy	9,715	7,146	2,569	8,320	6,198	2,122
Root, residual, removal	20,214	11,960	8,254	16,109	9,731	6,378
Tooth, removal	1,188,023	869,477	318,546	976,859	728,381	248,541
Periodontics
Equilibration	19,175	11,489	7,686	15,035	9,091	5,944
Gingivectomy	7,006	3,857	3,149	5,349	3,095	2,254
Prophylaxis	427,855	214,077	213,778	351,452	179,738	171,714
Sealing (periodontal)	180,755	95,922	84,833	150,888	79,332	71,556
Caries-prevention treatment	17,251	6,603	10,648	7,876	2,248	5,628
Radiodontics
Intraoral roentgenogram	3,644,504	3,087,261	557,243	3,153,625	2,742,776	410,849
Other
Examinations	3,378,061	2,652,104	725,957	2,969,288	2,403,444	565,844
Orthodontic treatment	31,949	17,876	14,073	5,695	3,821	1,874

NOTE: Since only selected procedures are shown, subtotals are not derivable (e. g. for all oral surgery, for all radiodontics, etc.). Total procedures are shown in table XLV.
SOURCE: Dental Service Report, DD Form 477.

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certain selected procedures are shown by type of procedure. Since the Dental Service Report, DD Form 477, was revised during 1954, the current term ?procedure? is applicable only to data for the months April-December For the period January-March 1954, the closest approximation?"operations"? was used as the corresponding index. Included in the latter are the ?miscellaneous treatments? (Part I-G) of the previous report form.

The source tables in Part Two of this volume show by diagnosis the number of personnel admitted to hospital and quarters for dental conditions, the degree of noneffectiveness the duration of stay, and other morbidity indices. However, the dental data that appear in the source tables relate to excused-from-duty cases only. Since by far the largest segment of dental care is provided on an outpatient (duty) status, the statistics presented in Part Two reflect a small portion of the total dental workload. In the main, these excused-from-duty cases represent the more serious disorders?the disorders of occlusion, the abscesses and inflammatory diseases of supporting structures, etc. In fact, many of the cases reported as admissions to hospital or quarters for ?dental caries? actually require multiple extractions in addition to minor fillings.

Central Dental Laboratory Facilities

Central Dental Laboratories in continental United States and in Europe played the major role in the fabrication of prosthetic appliances during 1954. Geographically located to best serve dental installations on a worldwide basis, these laboratories produced numbers of appliances, as indicated in table XLVII.

TABLE XLVII.?.PROSTHETIC APPLIANCES FABRICATED IN CENTRAL DENTAL LABORATORIES, U. S. ARMY, 1954

Laboratory	Number of appliances
Brooke Army Medical Center	13,159
Walter Reed Army Medical Center	13,605
Third Army Central Dental Laboratory	14,267
Fifth Army Central Dental Laboratory	10,351
Sixth Army Central Dental Laboratory	13,223
Europe Central Laboratory	22,603
Total	87,208

Personnel

The major source of officer personnel authorized for the year was the Army Medical Service procurement activity, operating in conjunction with the National Selective Service System under the provisions of Public Law 779, as amended, as well as the regular induction program. Approximately 68 percent of the total officer strength for the year were considered to be

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involuntary-type active duty personnel who applied for commissions after being declared eligible and available for induction. Approximately 15 percent of active duty officer personnel consisted of Reserve officers on voluntary extended active duty

TABLE XLVIII.?ACTUAL WORLDWIDE DENTAL CORPS STRENGTH, BY COMMAND AND QUARTER, U. S. ARMY, 1954

Command^a	Actual strength as of:
Command^a	31 March	30 June	30 September	31 December
Total Army	2,665	2,457	2,305	2,203
Overseas	861	771	720	651
U.S. Army, Europe	380	361	373	368
U.S. Forces, Austria	20	17	19	25
U.S. Army Forces, Far East	368	310	244	168
U.S. Army, Pacific	16	14	16	29
U.S. Army, Caribbean	40	35	34	32
U.S. Army, Alaska	30	28	28	27
Joint Task Force 7	2	2	2	2
Trieste U.S. Troops	5	4	4	-
Continental United States	1,664	1,537	1,423	1,416
First Army Area	170	155	150	154
Second Army Area	256	230	201	191
Third Army Area	335	284	288	292
Fourth Army Area	234	211	200	206
Fifth Army Area	241	233	203	187
Sixth Army Area	193	193	161	169
Military District of Washington	76	66	63	62
Department of the Army Administrative Area	31	29	24	25
The Surgeon General	124	130	126	122
Chief Chemical Officer	2	2	3	3
Chief of Ordnance	-	3	3	3
The Provost Marshal General	-	-	-	1
Chief Signal Officer	-	-	-	1
Chief of Transportation	2	1	1	-
Other	140	149	162	136

^aTotals are extracted from STM-30 for the dates indicated. Command distribution is extracted from the GSDA-45 reports for dates indicated.

The active duty strength of Regular Army Dental officers, representing approximately 17 percent of the total strength, decreased during the year from a total of 431 on 31 December 1953, to a total of 387 on 31 December 1954, as indicated in source table 26. Resignations continued to be the prevailing cause of these losses, and procurement efforts to attract eligible dentists to a Regular Army career, in order to increase the Corps to its authorized strength of 545, were not fruitful.

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The average number of dental officers on active duty during the year in relation to the mean strength of military population served was approximately l.76 dental officers per 1,000 troop strength. Worldwide distributions of authorized and actual strengths of dental officers by command, and by temporary and permanent grade distribution, are indicated in source tables 24-26.

Military ancillary personnel authorized and required to support operating Dental Service personnel were not available in sufficient numbers throughout 1954, and augmentation requirements were met by utilizing civilian dental assistants and laboratory technicians.

Strengths of military technical support personnel, i. e., dental chair assistants and prosthetic laboratory personnel, available during the year are indicated in table XLIX. On-the-job training programs, as well as formal training courses of instruction, were utilized in an attempt to meet authorized strengths of military dental assistants. Requirements for military dental laboratory technicians were met by using inductees with civilian dental laboratory training, and additional technicians were obtained from formal military training sources. The numbers of enlisted personnel completing training in dental assistant and laboratory courses are indicated in table LIV.

TABLE XLIX.?MILITARY DENTAL ASSISTANTS AND DENTAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS, U. S. ARMY, 1954

Actual strength as of?	Dental assistants	Dental laboratory technicians
31 March 1954	1,478	945
30 June 1954	1,718	996
30 September 1954	1,847	883
31 December 1954	1,900	837

Civilian dentists were utilized during the year to the extent indicated in table L. These dentists were for the most part indigenous personnel employed in Europe and Japan.

TABLE L.?NUMBER OF CIVILIAN DENTISTS ON DUTY WITH U. S. ARMY, 1954

Area	Actual strength as of?
Area	31 March	30 June	30 September	31 December
Worldwide	166	196	206	227
Continental United States	11	18	18	36
Overseas^a	155	178	188	191

^aPrincipally indigenous personnel.

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Education and Training

Education and training activities, embracing courses in military and dental sciences for officer personnel and technical courses for enlisted personnel, were conducted during the year at a rate which made efficient utilization of available military and civilian training facilities

The number of commissioned and enlisted personnel who completed scheduled formal courses of training is shown in tables LI through LIV.

TABLE LI.?DENTAL OFFICERS COMPLETING TRAINING COURSES IN ARMY FACILITIES, 1954

Officer	Length of course	Number of officers
Army Medical Service company officer, 8-0-1	22 weeks	12
Associates Army Medical Service company officer, 8-0-2	15 weeks	151
Army Medical Service officer, advanced, 8-0-3	34 weeks	8
Associate Army Medical Service officer, advanced, 8-0-4	15 weeks	2
Dentistry, advanced, 8-0-21	16 weeks	17
Army Medical Service officer, orientation, 8-0-31	5 weeks	200
Command and staff procedures, refresher, 8-0-40	2 weeks	5
Command and general staff officer, 250-0-1	10 months	1

TABLE LII.?DENTAL OFFICERS COMPLETING INTERNSHIPS AND RESIDENCIES IN ARMY FACILITIES, 1954

Training	Type	Number of officers
Internship	Rotating	24
Residency	Oral surgery	2
Residency	Prosthodontics	1
Total		27

TABLE LIII.?DENTAL OFFICERS COMPLETING TRAINING IN CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS, 1954

Training	Number of officers
Oral surgery	5
Prosthodontics	4
Orthodontics	1
Periodontics	1
Total	11

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TABLE LIV.?ENLISTED PERSONNEL COMPLETING TRAINING IN ARMY FACILITIES, 1954

Course	Length of course	Number of personnel
Dental Assistant, 8-E-21	8 weeks	515
Dental Laboratory Technician, 8-E-1	16 weeks	189
Total		704

VETERINARY ACTIVITIES

Commissioned Personnel

In May of 1954, the Regular Army Veterinary Corps was authorized an increase of 10 officers, bringing the authorized permanent grade strength to 171. Accordingly, the allocation of Regular Army officer spaces was revised to reflect this change, as shown below:

Brigadier General	Colonel	Lieutenant Colonel	Major	Captains	First Lieutenant
1	14	24	32	39	61

This allocation also reflects, in part, the implementing of Public Law 459, 83rd Congress, which authorized veterinarians three years of constructive service credit upon appointment, thus abolishing the grade of 2nd lieutenant.

At the end of the calendar year 1953, 501 Veterinary Corps officers were on active duty. During 1954, 102 Reserve officers entered on active duty under the following status:

	Total	Voluntary	Involuntary
Priority I and II	16	11	^a5
Priority III	72	72	-
Priority IV	14	14	-
Total	102	97	^a5

^aFour officers entered as a result of the March special call, and one under the 7th involuntary call.

These 102 accessions were more than offset by the 160 officer losses that occurred during the year due to termination of category, death, or transfer.

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TABLE LV.?VETERINARY CORPS OFFICERS SEPARATED FROM U. S. ARMY, 1 JANUARY-31 DECEMBER 1954

	Separations		Separations
Regular Army	4	Priority III:
Retired	1	Voluntary	21
Career Reservist^a	7	Involuntary	-
Priority I and II:		Priority IV:
Voluntary	35	Voluntary	14
Involuntary	78^b	Involuntary	-
		Total	160

^aIn service prior to July 1950.
^bPriority status under which officer entered service: Unnumbered involuntary call (1); 1st involuntary call (13); 2nd involuntary call (11); 3rd involuntary call (8); 2nd July involuntary call (5); 4th involuntary call (10); 5th involuntary call (9); 6th involuntary call (11); 7th involuntary call (7); special call no. 10 (2); enlisted status (1).
NOTE: Two Priority I volunteers, 3 Priority IV volunteers, and 2 Career Reservists transferred to Regular Army are not included in the above table.

The net result of these accessions and losses was that 443 veterinary officers were on duty as of 31 December 1954, distributed as follows:

Reserve	^a245
Regular Army	154
Career Reservist	44
Total	443

^aVoluntary (206); involuntary (39).

Training

An original course of training in the Pathology of Diseases of Laboratory Animals was established at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D. C., for military and civilian personnel. The first class was conducted between the 6th and 10th of December 1954, with 10 Veterinary Corps officers attending.

A 2-week course of training in Veterinary Radiological Health for veterinary officers of the Army and Air Force was established at the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, with approval of the Atomic Energy Commission. The first class began in September 1954. Ten Army Veterinary Corps officers completed this course during the year.

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In addition, the following number of veterinary officers completed training courses during the calendar year 1954:

Course	Total	Army	Air Force	Foreign nationals
Army Medical Service Meat and Dairy Hygiene School, Chicago, Ill.^a	110	90	19	1
Veterinary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.^b	13	7	4	2
Army Medical Service Orientation, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas^c	46	46	-	-
Public Health Course, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.	1	1	-	-
Total	170	144	23	3

^aCourse 8-0-8 (10 weeks), 84th-87th classes, inclusive.
^bCourse 8-0-25 (17 weeks)
^cCourse 8-0-31 (5 weeks)

Two hundred and fifty-seven enlisted men completed the Meat and Dairy Hygiene Course 8-E-2 at Chicago, and 21 at the Medical Field Service School, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Meat and Dairy Hygiene

In discharging the responsibility of The Surgeon General to protect the health of troops from unwholesome and substandard food products, the Veterinary Corps continued its efforts to maintain the highest possible standards for the veterinary food inspection service.

In addition to specific food inspection, Veterinary officers also function in an administrative and technical advisory capacity to Quartermaster Purchasing and Contracting Officers in the procurement of food supplies for the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps as well as the Army. They also perform important duties with the Quartermaster Inspection Service and the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces in the development and formulation of new and revised specifications for food items and operational rations.

Tables LVI, LVII, and LVIII show the results of food inspection by the Veterinary Corps. In table LVI, seven classes of inspection are indicated (classes 3 through 9). Classes 1 and 2, antemortem and postmortem inspections of animals, are shown in table LVIII Thus, there are nine classes of inspection, beginning with the inspection of food from the time of its earliest processing prior to procurement and continuing until its disposition for use in mess hails

Classes 3 and 4 veterinary inspections of foods of animal origin insure the procurement of safe, wholesome foods of prescribed quality. Class 3 inspection is conducted prior to purchase to determine compliance with contract requirements and the sanitary condition of the product at time of preparation or manufacture, and class 4 at the time the Government accepts ownership of the product, whether it be at the processing plant or at a military

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TABLE LVI.?PROCUREMENT AND SURVEILLANCE INSPECTIONS OF FOODS OF ANIMAL AND NONANIMAL ORIGIN, BY CLASS, 1954

Class	Pounds passed	Pounds rejected
Class	Pounds passed	Not type, class, or grade	Insanitary or unsound
Total (3-9)	13,455,578,887	112,195,993	10,012,261
Class 3: Prior to purchase	1,393,768,435	104,841,715	4,188,947
Class 4: On delivery at purchase	1,343,800,758	6,200,151	2,039,200
Class 5: Receipt except purchase	2,088,125,417	...	512,944
Class 6: Prior to shipment	2,344,878,823	...	8,086
Class 7: At issue or sale	1,297,909,086	...	378,579
Class 8: Purchases by Army and Air Force exchanges	214,199,735	1,154,127	737,402
Class 9: In storage	4,722,896,633	...	2,147,103
Inspections of foods of nonanimal origin
Class	Pounds passed	Pounds rejected
Class	Pounds passed	Not type, class, or grade	Insanitary or unsound
Total (3-9)	12,021,608,574	9,748,969	19,807,945
Class 3: Prior to purchase	104,071,859	1,850,899	812,321
Class 4: On delivery at purchase	891,299,204	7,894,540	1,726,785
Class 5: Receipt except purchase	3,288,333,047	...	1,509,708
Class 6: Prior to shipment	3,003,020,003	...	11,013
Class 7: At issue or sale	1,450,462,800	...	1,621,537
Class 8: Purchases by Army and Air Force exchanges	136,989,205	3,530	231,430
Class 9: In storage	3,147,432,456	...	13,895,151

NOTE: Causes for rejections shown under ?Not type, class, or grade? include artificial color; bruised, bloody, or abraded; dirty; damaged cans or cases; rusty cans; emaciated; excessive moisture; improper containers or wrappers; improperly trimmed; insufficient smoke; mutilated; not packed as specified; not properly frozen; overweight; seedy; soft and oily; storage deterioration; undercured; underweight.
Causes for rejections shown under ?Insanitary or unsound? include broken eggs; contaminated; decomposed putrid, rotten; moldy; not Bureau of Animal Industry inspected; off flavor; parasitic infestation; rancid; short vacuum; slimy; sour; stale or deteriorated; swellers and leakers; tubercular.

installation. Foods found acceptable on class 3 inspection are reinspected at time of actual purchase (class 4), in which case the latter inspection is conducted to determine the sound or sanitary condition only. Not all foods are inspected during manufacture or preparation, but all foods are inspected when delivered to and accepted by the Army. If the food was not inspected at origin (class 3), then the class 4 inspection includes examination for type, class, and grade, as well as for sanitary condition. Classes 3 and 4 are thus referred to as ?procurement inspection,? i. e., inspection conducted prior to and at the time of procurement

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Classes 5, 6, 7, and 9 comprise ?surveillance inspection,? that is, inspection of Government-owned subsistence subsequent to procurement. (Class 8, purchases by Army and Air Force exchanges, is not concerned directly with the feeding of the Army.) After its purchase, food receives frequent surveillance inspections by Army veterinary food inspectors until it is made available to troops. The term ?surveillance inspection? thus includes all classes of veterinary inspection of Government-owned foods from the time they are finally accepted and purchased by the Army until and including time of issue to troops or transfer to other Government agencies, military and civilian.

During 1954, nearly 1.5 billion pounds of foods of animal origin were inspected at procurement for the armed forces, of which approximately 117 million pounds, or 8 percent, were rejected (7.6 percent for not type, class, or grade; 0.4 percent insanitary or unsound); the rejections represent a saving based on the difference in value between what was initially offered and what

TABLE LVII.?PROCUREMENT AND SURVEILLANCE INSPECTIONS OF FOODS OF ANIMAL AND NONANIMAL ORIGIN, BY AREA, 1954

Inspections of foods of animal origin
Area or agency	Total, classes 3-9
	Pounds passed	Pounds rejected
		Not type, class, or grade	Insanitary or unsound
Worldwide, total	13,455,578,887	112,195,993	10,012,261
Continental United States	6,914,749,396	94,537,074	3,953,740
Mil. Dist. of Washington	89,477,185	539,293	18,396
First Army Area	1,012,841,363	6,164,114	689,940
Second Army Area	644,221,907	7,171,265	545,622
Third Army Area	590,411,118	4,228,598	203,476
Fourth Army Area	587,188,560	8,867,488	331,789
Fifth Army Area	844,625,846	45,694,718	299,519
Sixth Army Area	3,145,983,417	21,871,598	1,864,998
Overseas	6,444,055,903	15,890,155	5,856,328
U.S. Army, Europe	2,310,604,456	14,951,107	3,065,413
U.S. Forces, Austria	117,366,247	63,340	46,320
Trieste U.S. Troops	9,064,133	-	-
U.S. Army Forces, Far East	3,663,640,113	772,205	2,605,560
U.S. Army, Pacific	93,790,365	94,177	31,264
U.S. Army, Caribbean	85,145,200	6,007	62,751
U.S. Army, Alaska	159,095,054	3,319	37,745
Greece	5,350,355	-	7,275
Other agencies, total	96,773,588	1,768,764	202,193
U.S. Navy	77,519,448	1,496,659	97,293
U.S. Marine Corps	667,520	75,118	-
Other agency	18,586,620	196,987	104,900
Inspections of foods of nonanimal origin
Area or agency	Total, classes 3-9
	Pounds passed	Pounds rejected
	Pounds passed	Not type, class, or grade	Insanitary or unsound
Worldwide, total	12,021,608,574	9,748,969	19,807,945
Continental United States	2,806,302,242	1,620,510	982,887
Mil. Dist. of Washington	36,447,893	30	45,000
First Army Area	241,268,032	167,024	31,924
Second Army Area	248,187,667	68,168	289,589
Third Army Area	262,510,590	247,649	132,913
Fourth Army Area	372,249,209	67,997	259,321
Fifth Army Area	209,042,900	81,583	74,424
Sixth Army Area	1,436,595,951	988,059	149,716
Overseas	9,168,929,866	7,647,345	18,135,759
U.S. Army, Europe	2,648,319,803	2,491,787	1,954,357
U.S. Forces, Austria	129,190,290	-	120,612
Trieste U.S. Troops	11,557,600	1,520	32,826
U.S. Army Forces, Far East	6,241,116,339	5,127,978	15,815,696
U.S. Army, Pacific	1,584,952	2,530	54
U.S. Army, Caribbean	93,267,686	23,377	75,749
U.S. Army, Alaska	37,786,946	153	130,921
Greece	6,106,250	-	5,544
Other agencies, total	46,376,466	481,114	689,299
U.S. Navy	3,893,183	-	142,641
U.S. Marine Corps	50,000	-	-
Other agency	42,433,283	481,114	546,658

was finally accepted, of approximately $19,770,000. The foregoing procurement inspection together with the surveillance inspections totaled 13.6 billion pounds of foods of animal origin inspected. Within this total, rejections varied among the respective classes of inspection, ranging from 7.3 percent at the class 3 stage to a minute percentage (less than 0.05) at the class 6 stage.

Procurement inspection of foods of nonanimal origin totaled approximately one billion pounds during 1954, with 1.4 percent of this poundage being rejected.

The total number of class 1 antemortem inspections during 1954 was nearly 5 million (table LVIII), with about 21,000, or 0.4 percent, rejections. The corresponding class 2 postmortem total pounds inspected was about 5 million, with a higher rejection rate, 11.6 percent. (The highest rate of rejection, 32.5 percent, occurred in the Sixth Army Area.)

During 1954, a directive was sent to the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Supply and Logistics) to restudy a specific proposal, namely, to transfer to the

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TABLE LVIII.?ANTEMORTEM AND POSTMORTEM INSPECTIONS, U. S. ARMY, 1954

Area or agency	Class 1 inspection (antemortem)			Class 2 inspection (postmortem)
	Number passed	Number rejected		Number passed	Number rejected
	Number passed	Not type, class, or grade^a	Insanitary or unsound^b	Number passed	Not type, class, or grade^a	Insanitary or unsound^b
Worldwide, total	4,920,594	2,031	18,909	4,348,382	30,952	543,428
Continental U.S.	4,715,754	2	18,813	4,156,445	24,673	536,817
MDW	-	-	-	-	-	-
First Army Area	-	-	-	-	-	-
Second Army Area	1,972,710	-	-	1,952,880	-	20,540
Third Army Area	985,101	-	9,971	911,529	-	73,572
Fourth Army Area	164,291	-	191	159,594	22	3,269
Fifth Army Area	179,620	2	43	176,777	2,109	1,046
Sixth Army Area	1,414,032	-	8,608	955,665	22,542	438,390
Overseas	203,570	2,027	91	190,774	6,236	6,547
Europe	192,826	1,499	81	180,456	5,998	6,356
Austria	7,033	520	5	7,033	-	-
Trieste	472	-	-	470	-	-
Far East	1,585	8	5	1,578	2	7
Pacific	5	-	-	5	-	-
Caribbean	1,649	-	-	1,232	236	182
Alaska	-	-	-	-	-	-
Greece	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other agencies	1,270	2	5	1,163	43	64
Navy	636	-	-	580	18	38
Marine Corps	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other agency	634	2	5	583	25	26

^aIncludes bruised, bloody, abraded, mutilated, underweight.
^bIncludes tuberculosis and other pathological conditions.

United States Department of Agriculture the responsibility for origin inspection of meat, meat products, and dairy products that are procured by the Army for the Armed Forces. As a result, a decision was reached to transfer responsibility for that portion of origin procurement inspection which was excess to, the minimum requirement of the veterinary service (1) as a basis of support for oversea operations and (2) as a training vehicle and nucleus for expansion in the event of full mobilization.

This policy was enunciated in Department of Defense Instructions No. 4155.5, Subject: ?Origin Procurement Inspection of Subsistence,? dated 11 March 1954. Implementation of this directive resulted in the transfer of approximately 140 plants to the Department, of Agriculture, and further resulted in a reduction of 23 veterinary officer spaces and 98 enlisted men spaces. This was accomplished in a gradual manner starting 1 July and extending through 31 October.

During July, Instruction 4155.5 was amended to provide for the reimbursement of the Department of Agriculture for services rendered in the inspection

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of poultry and poultry products. This action placed all inspections by that Department for the Army on a uniform reimbursement basis.

In the spring of 1954, psittacosis in turkeys occurred in processing plants which were serving as sources of supply for the Armed Forces contracts in Brady and Corsicana, Texas. In each instance, 25 to 50 of the employees working in the processing plants became ill of the disease. Prompt action was taken to disapprove the plant at Brady, Texas. The veterinary officer and the veterinary enlisted inspector who were on duty at this plant during the period 10-17 May were exposed to psittacosis and were later hospitalized with this disease. Psittacosis is said to be present in turkeys in at least five different localities in the state of Texas; in view of this fact, action was taken to issue an interim policy whereby plants in which outbreaks of the disease occurred among employees infected with psittacosis would be removed as a source of supply, and would not be reinstated until the plant had been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and health certificates were available for all employees. This problem is considered one of importance and action has been taken to request the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board to study the problem and make recommendations to The Surgeon General for the establishment of such policies as are necessary to protect the Armed Forces against this disease.

Laboratory Service and Research

Laboratory Service

Table LIX shows the number of specimens examined by the Veterinary Division, Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, and by veterinary sections of medical laboratories in the Army areas. Food products were analyzed to determine fitness for human consumption and compliance with subsistence contract requirements. Animal tissues were examined for diagnostic purposes or to support clinical findings in the treatment of animals or the control of animal diseases transmissible to man.

Research

The Registry of Veterinary Pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology received and accessioned 1,023 specimens during 1954. During the 10 years of its existence the Registry has attained considerable success, and a continuing need for its services has been demonstrated. A large collection of pathologic material is now available for study and research, and the number of individua1 requests for material received both from persons in the United States and abroad is increasing.

The Veterinary Division of the Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, inaugurated a research project during the year to develop a quick freezing process for fresh milk samples that are submitted to medical laboratories for bacteriological and chemical analysis. Since some military installations are located in isolated areas, a requirement existed whereby fresh milk samples could be quickly prepared in a frozen state for shipment to the Army area medical laboratory in that location.

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TABLE LIX.?VETERINARY LABORATORY SPECIMENS EXAMINED IN CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES, 1954

Laboratory	Dairy products	Meat, fish, poultry products	Shortening, fats, oil	Food (nonanimal origin), nonfood items	Animal examinations
Total	56,423	32,489	2,484	3,281	12,258
First Army	5,682	5,206	430	514	975
Second Army	6,224	3,139	157	154	469
Third Army	7,271	1,113	466	125	2,064
Fourth Army	4,591	2,555	161	145	199
Fifth Army	9,692	7,614	618	369	346
Sixth Army	22,639	12,463	637	1,859	740
AMS Graduate School	1,324	399	15	115	7,465

Animal Service

The combined average animal strength of the Army for 1954 was 2,775. Tables LX and LXI provide a breakdown of the strength, and the number of admissions, deaths, and days lost.

TABLE LX.?MEAN STRENGTH, U.S. ARMY-OWNED ANIMALS, 1954

Area	Horses and mules			Dogs	Pigeons
Area	Total	Horses	Mules	Dogs	Pigeons
Worldwide	404	149	255	1,339	1,392
Continental U.S.	348	93	255	164	1,392
Territories	-	-	-	38	-
Europe	56	56	-	803	-
Far East	-	-	-	334	-

TABLE LXI.?ADMISSIONS, DEATHS, AND DAYS LOST AMONG U. S. ARMY-OWNED ANIMALS, 1954

Disease or external cause	Horses			Mules			Dogs
Disease or external cause	Admissions	Deaths^a	Days lost	Admissions	Deaths^a	Days lost	Admissions	Deaths^a	Days lost
All causes, total	43	3	2,349	133	12	3,585	1,559	84	15,103
Diseases, total	18	1	917	32	10	880	988	72	9,195
External causes, total	25	2	1,432	101	2	2,705	571	12	5,818

^aAnimals destroyed due to chronic pathological condition are included in ?Deaths.?
NOTE: Pigeons are not included in above table. Reports indicate there were 55 admissions to sick report with 46 deaths and 49 days lost.

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Communicable Diseases

Encephalomyelitis. All government-owned horses and mules were vaccinated against encephalomyelitis with bivalent vaccine prepared by the Veterinary Division, Army Medical Service Graduate School, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington D. C. One case was reported during 1954.

Leptospirosis. During the year, 56 cases of leptospirosis in military dogs were reported.

Rabies. All dogs acquired for the Army were vaccinated against rabies at the time of processing. During 1954, 30,964 animals were vaccinated including Government-owned dogs as well as canine and feline pets of military perrsonnel.

PROCESSING OF SELECTIVE SERVICE REGISTRANTS

The year 1954 represents the first full peacetime year since the Korean Conflict. Total draft calls were reduced during 1954 to 251,000, a drop of 179,000 from the 1953 total. The number of registrants forwarded for preinduction examination during 1954 totaled 386,996, less than half the number examined (877,095) in 1953.

As has been the case since the enactment of the Universal Military Training and Service Act in 1948, the Office of The Surgeon General is responsible for messing the induction records and analyzing the statistical data derived from them. Among other primary purposes which they serve, these data are used in evaluating the application of physical standards for induction.

The actual examining of registrants for service is performed at the Armed Forces Examining Stations (AFES). The preinduction examination consists of the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) and a medical examination. It is followed by an induction examination which usually consists only of a physical inspection. Summary reports of these examinations, and copies of the individual examination records, ?Record of Induction? (DD Form 47) and ?Report of Medical Examination? (Standard Form 88), are submitted to the Office of The Surgeon General for analysis. Findings based on the summary reports for 1954 are presented briefly in this report.

Local Board Disqualifications

In certain instances, the local board may classify a registrant as mentally or physically disqualified without sending him to an AFES for preinduction processing. With the aid of the medical advisor, the local board may reject the registrant for obvious disqualifying defects and manifest conditions. Individual records of such cases are submitted by the local boards to the Office of The Surgeon General, where they are processed to determine the principal medical reasons for disqualification during this preliminary screening. The local boards may also reject a registrant for moral reasons. In 1954 the local boards classified 73,158 registrants as IV-F without a preinduction examination.

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Of this total, 30,924 were disqualified for mental or physical defects, and 42,234 for moral reasons.¹

Standards and Procedures For Preinduction Examinations

Physical standards governing minimum qualifications for service in an enlisted status are contained in ?Physical Standards and Physical Profiling for Enlistment and Induction,? AR 40-115, 20 August 1948, and subsequent changes. There were no changes in these standards during 1954.

The Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) was administered to each individual as in prior years, and the same minimum passing score (10 percentile) was required. However, procedures for administrative acceptance of registrants who failed the AFQT changed somewhat from those prevailing in 1953. Before 18 March 1954, registrants who had completed high school but failed the AFQT were declared administratively acceptable for service. Under the new provisions, such registrants may be rejected whenever the personnel psychologist has reason to believe that failing the mental test is a true measure of their mental ability. These registrants then undergo further testing as do all other registrants who fail the AFQT.

Results of Preinduction Examinations

As has been previously mentioned, 1954 was a peacetime year. Induction calls were reduced, and Selective Service activity slackened in general. From table LXII a comparison of preinduction results for 1953 and 1954 may be made, and in chart R are shown the preinduction results by month, from the beginning of the Korean Conflict in July 1950 through December 1954. From source table 28 information can be obtained on preinduction results by states.

The increase in the proportion of disqualified registrants during 1954, as evidenced by the data referred to above, can be attributed mainly to a change in Selective Service procedure resulting from Executive Order No. 10505, issued 10

TABLE LXII.?RESULTS OF PREINDUCTION EXAMINATIONS, 1953 AND 1954

Results of examinations	Number		Percent
Results of examinations	1953	1954	1953	1954
Total examined	877,095	386,996	100.0	100.0
Found acceptable	592,119	226,789	67.5	58.6
Found not acceptable	284,976	160,207	32.5	41.4
Administrative reasons	6,851	7,679	0.8	2.0
Mental test only	141,615	53,402	16.2	13.8
Mental test and medical reasons	21,378	11,215	2.4	2.9
Medical reasons only	115,132	87,911	13.1	22.7

SOURCE: ?Summary of Registrant Examinations for Induction,? DA Form 316 (Reports Control Symbol MED-66).

¹SOURCE: Monthly Statistical Digest, Statistics Section, Research and Statistics, Selective Service National Headquarters, January-December 1954.

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CHART R.?RESULTS OF PREINDUCTION EXAMINATIONS, PERCENTAGE DISQUALIFIED BY PRINCIPAL DISQUALIFYING CAUSE, BY MONTH, JULY 1950- DECEMBER 1954

December 1953, which decreed that, with some exceptions, certain registrants separated from the Armed Services with less than 6 months of service were to be considered liable for service under the Universal Military Training and Service Act. Previously registrants with prior service had not been considered liable for further service. Local boards began sending separatees of this type back to the AFES, with the result that disqualification rates for medical reasons soared. About 23,500 of these ?separatees? were processed by the AFES during 1954; of this number about 20,000 had previously been separated from service for medical reasons, and approximately 3,500 had been discharged for nonmedical reasons, such as hardship or dependency. Among this group of 23,500 separatees reprocessed, only 3,700 were found acceptable, of whom had previously been discharged for medical reasons. Thus the percentage of acceptability within the group reprocessed after previous separation for medical reasons was only 2.8 percent, whereas for all registrants processed in 4 it was 58.6 percent.

Another reason for the increase in disqualification rates for medical reasons was the issuance of two Selective Service directives aimed at curtailment of the deferred and exempt classifications. These directives, Operations Bulletin No. 104 (14 Jan. 1954) and Local Board Memorandum No. 55 (22 March 1954), instructed the local boards to review records of registrants in deferred and exempt classifications, and send back for new preinduction examinations any who might be considered acceptable on the basis of such review. Most of those returned had been previously disqualified for medical reasons.

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Chart S presents a comparison of preinduction results by Army area, 1953 and 1954. The increase in the total disqualification rate in 1954 is manifest in every Army area within continental United States, but it may be noted that there was a decrease in the rate for areas outside the United States This was due chiefly to the introduction of the Spanish mental test, the ECFA-1 (Examen Calificaci?n de Fuerzas Armadas), for registrants in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. This test was adopted in October 1953 for examining Spanish-speaking registrants, and later was also used for re-examining certain registrants in the area who had previously failed the mental test (AFQT), but were classified as marginal literate, or illiterate-high mental. The use of the Spanish test, and the re-examination program, yielded favorable results. The proportion found acceptable leaped from 26.3 percent for the period January-September 1953, to 49.4 percent for the period October 1953-December 1954; for the same periods, the proportion who failed the mental test dropped from 69.2 to 43.0 percent.

CHART S.?RESULTS OF PREINDUCTION EXAMINATIONS, PERCENTAGE DISQUALIFIED OF TOTAL EXAMINED, BY ARMY AREA, 1953 AND 1954

Previously and Not Previously Examined Registrants

The Summary Report of Registrants Examined (DA Form 316) distinguishes between previously and not previously examined registrants appearing for preinduction examination. In table LXIII may be seen the significant

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aspects of the preinduction examination results for the two groups of registrants for the years 1953 and 1954.

In 1953 the group of registrants who had been previously examined comprised about 5 percent of all registrants; in 1954 this proportion had more than quadrupled, totaling 21 percent of all registrants appearing for preinduction. The rate of disqualification also increased for this group, from 48 percent in 1953 to 62 percent in 1954. The increase in the proportion of previously examined registrants and the increase in the disqualification rate were both due largely to the re-evaluation of class IV-F registrants following issuance of the two Selective Service directives mentioned above, and reexamination of separatees in accordance with Executive Order No. 10505. Reevaluation of the IV-F class also brought about an increase in the disqualification rate for registrants not previously examined, from 32 percent in 1953 to 36 percent in 1954. (Registrants who have been classified IV-F at the local board level without preinduction examination are considered not previously examined registrants when forwarded for preinduction examination.)

TABLE LXIII.?PERCENTAGE OF REGISTRANTS FOUND NOT ACCEPTABLE, BY DISQUALIFYING CAUSE AND WHETHER PREVIOUSLY OR NOT PREVIOUSLY EXAMINED AT TIME OF PREINDUCTION EXAMINATION, 1953 AND 1954

Results of examinations	Total		Previously examined		Not previously examined
Results of examinations	1953	1954	1953	1954	1953	1954
Found not acceptable	32.5	41.4	48.2	62.0	31.6	35.9
Administrative reasons	0.8	2.0	2.3	3.6	0.7	1.6
Mental test only	16.2	13.8	6.4	7.0	16.6	15.6
Mental test and medical reasons	2.4	2.9	1.7	3.0	2.5	2.9
Medical reasons only	13.1	22.7	37.8	48.4	11.8	15.8

SOURCE: Summary of Registrant Examinations for Induction, DA Form 316 (Reports Control Symbol MED-66).

Results of Induction Examinations

The number of registrants sent up each month for induction depends upon the draft calls, the total number being set by the Department of Defense and the apportionment among the states being accomplished by Selective Service. As already stated, fewer registrants (253,017) were inducted in 1954 than in any previous year since the beginning of the Korean Conflict. Source table 28 gives the number of inductions for the year 1954, and also for August 1950 through December 1953, by state.

The type of examination given by the AFES at the time of induction depends on whether the registrant has had a preinduction examination, and if so, when it was accomplished. In general, the regulations provide that a physical inspection will be given those registrants who were found acceptable less than 120 days previously. A complete medical re-examination is given

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to those whose preinduction examinations were performed more than 120 days previously, and to those appearing for immediate induction who have not had a preinduction examination. The latter group is also given the mental test.

Invariably a small percentage of registrants are disqualified at induction. In 1954 about 10 percent of those ordered to report for induction were disqualified, a considerable increase over the disqualification rate of 6 percent in 1953. This increase resulted for the most part from the greater proportion of complete examinations given at induction in 1954. In table LXIV the results of induction examinations for the two years are presented for comparison.

TABLE LXIV.?RESULTS OF INDUCTION EXAMINATIONS, BY TYPE OF EXAMINATION AND DISQUALIFYING CAUSE, 1953 AND 1954

Results of examinations	Total induction examinations		Physical inspection		Complete examinations
Results of examinations	1953	1954	1953	1954	1953	1954
	NUMBER
Total examined	499,934	281,569	367,604	139,577	132,330	141,992
Inducted	470,664	253,017	359,455	136,019	111,209	116,998
Disqualified	29,270	28,552	8,149	3,558	21,121	24,994
Administrative reasons	2,139	1,916	1,061	632	1,078	1,284
Mental test only	8,548	11,306	-	-	8,548	11,306
Mental test and medical reasons	966	1,303	-	-	966	1,303
Medical reasons only	17,617	14,027	7,088	2,926	10,529	11,101
	PERCENT
Total examined	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Inducted	94.1	89.9	97.8	97.5	84.0	82.4
Disqualified	5.9	10.1	2.2	2.5	16.0	17.6
Administrative reasons	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.5	0.8	0.9
Mental test only	1.7	4.0	-	-	6.5	8.0
Mental test and medical reasons	0.2	0.5	-	-	0.7	0.9
Medical reasons only	3.6	4.9	1.9	2.0	8.0	7.8

SOURCE: Summary of Registrant Examinations for Induction, DA Form 316 (Reports Control Symbol MED-66).

In 1954 over half of the induction examinations were complete examinations, either for immediate induction or because of lapse of time, whereas in 1953 only one-fourth of induction examinations were complete examinations. This increase in the proportion of complete examinations given at induction may be accounted for by the larger proportion of registrants appearing for

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induction whose preinduction examinations had been accomplished more than 120 days previously. The pool of acceptable men had to be built up rapidly during the years of the Korean Conflict in order to meet the high level of induction calls. Due to the marked drop in induction calls during 1954, demands upon the available manpower pool were light, so that the span between preinduction and induction examinations widened, necessitating complete examinations more frequently.

Selective Service Manpower Pool

The available manpower pool (class I-A) at any particular time is determined primarily by the number of new registrants, namely, young registrants who become liable for service at 18? years of age, and the number lost to the pool through enlistments and induction (class I-C). Because of the decrease in both inductions and enlistments the available manpower pool increased considerably in 1954. At the end of 1953, the available manpower pool was classified as follows: I-A and I-A-O, examined and acceptable, 236,000; I-A and I-A-O, not examined, 868,000. At the end of 1954, it consisted of I-A and I-A-O, examined and acceptable, 241,000; and I-A and I-A-O, not examined, 1,317,000. The total manpower pool in 1954 thus increased by approximately 450,000 registrants, in comparison with that of 1953. The reduction in withdrawals of manpower from the Selective Service manpower pool has resulted in an increase in the age level of available registrants; data available indicate that the average age of inductees has risen from the upper 19?s at the end of the Korean Conflict in 1953, to approximately 22 years about the end of 1954.¹

MEDICAL CARE TO OTHER THAN ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY PERSONNEL

The categories of personnel, in addition to active duty Army personnel, who are authorized to receive nonelective medical care at Army medical treatment facilities are set forth in AR 40-108, ?Persons Eligible to Receive Medical Care at Army Medical Treatment Facilities.? These categories incude dependents of extended active duty personnel, certain beneficiaries of other Federal agencies, certain nationals of foreign governments, some civilian employees of the military services, designees of the Secretary of the Army, and civilian emergency cases.

Other active duty military personnel (Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force) stationed in geographic areas adjacent to Army medical treatment facilities also obtain hospitalization and other medical care from Army-operated facilities if feasible. This article will focus attention largely on care rendered to dependents and other non-active duty Army personnel. The dependent group is by far the largest of the nonmilitary categories involved. As of December

¹SOURCE: Annual Report of The Director of Selective Service, 1955.

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1954, there were over 1 million dependents of Army personnel, consisting of some 803,000 in the United States and about 205,000 overseas.

Outpatient Care

In 1954 over 19,237,000 outpatient treatments were administered by Army medical treatment facilities worldwide. Of that number, 7,324,943 treatments, or 38.1 percent of the total outpatient workload, were rendered to other than active duty personnel. Table LXIV shows the relative stability of the total number of outpatient treatments given each year by Army medical treatment facilities during the 3-year period ending 1954. (The substantial volume of outpatient medical care rendered to Korean and Chinese Communist enemy prisoners of war and civilian internees?3,358,179 treatments in 1952 and 1,528,859 treatments in 1953?is excluded from the time series given in table LXV in order to make the data more nearly comparable.) The number of outpatient treatments given to active duty military personnel decreased from 13.2 million in 1952 to 11.9 million in 1954: this reduction of nearly 10 percent closely paralleled the 12 percent reduction in the strength of the Army. Dependents of military personnel, however, registered an increase of 31.6 percent in the number of outpatient treatments received?from 4,313,727 in 1952 to 5,675,224 in 1954. This suggests that the outpatient treatment potential in 1952 and 1953 may not have been adequate to meet the outpatient service needs for non-active duty personnel, especially dependent personnel. Three medical specialties contributed rather large proportions of the total outpatient care to dependents and other non-active duty personnel in 1954, general medicine comprising 38.6 percent, pediatrics 19.4 percent, and obstetrics and gynecology 15.8 percent. (See the pertinent table in the section of chapter II on outpatient care.)

Admissions to Army Hospitals and Infirmaries

In each of the past three years, dependents and other non-active duty military personnel have constituted an increasing proportion of the total number of admissions to Army hospitals and infirmaries. The center portion of table LXV shows the worldwide distribution of admissions to hospitals and infirmaries for active duty and other classes of personnel. Admissions of non-active duty personnel comprised 28.1 percent of the total number of admissions in 1952; in 1953 this proportion had risen to 32.9 percent, and by 1954 it was 40.3 percent. These increasing proportions do not mean a corresponding increase in the number of admissions of non-active duty personnel. The number of admissions of non-active duty military personnel actually underwent slight decreases?from 236,702 in 1952, to 234,670 in 1953, to 221,028 in 1954. Since the number of admissions of active duty military personnel had fallen off so markedly in the period?from 604,537 in 1952 to almost one-half that number in 1954?the proportion which the non-active duty comprised of the whole increased. It is significant to note that the decrease in the number of hospital admissions among non-active duty per-

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TABLE LXV.?MEDICAL CARE IN ARMY FACILITIES, BY CATEGORY OF PERSONNEL, 1952-1954
(Excludes prisoners of war and civilian internees)

Category of personnel	Number			Percent
Category of personnel	1952	1953	1954	1952	1953	1954
Outpatient treatments
Total	19,417,962	19,524,782	19,237,269	100.0	100.0	100.0
Active duty military	13,155,173	12,904,059	11,912,326	67.7	66.1	61.9
Other	6,262,789	6,620,723	7,324,943	32.3	33.9	38.1
Dependents	4,313,727	4,782,380	5,675,224	22.3	24.5	29.5
Retired	85,570	91,487	109,533	0.4	0.5	0.6
VA beneficiaries	6,240	2,172	1,307	0.0	0.0	0.0
All other^a	1,857,252	1,744,684	1,538,879	9.6	8.9	8.0
Admissions^b to Army hospitals and infirmaries
Total	841,239	713,347	547,891	100.0	100.0	100.0
Active duty military	604,537	478,677	326,863	71.9	67.1	59.7
Other	236,702	234,670	221,028	28.1	32.9	40.3
Dependents	165,809	173,170	184,749	19.8	24.3	33.6
Retired	4,545	5,152	6,031	0.5	0.7	1.1
VA beneficiaries	4,536	4,106	4,167	0.5	0.6	0.8
All other^{a c}	61,812	52,242	26,081	7.3	7.3	4.8
Daily average beds occupied in Army hospitals and infirmaries
Total	40,257	31,807	22,398	100.0	100.0	100.0
Active duty military	33,222	25,306	17,015	82.5	79.6	76.0
Other	7,035	6,501	5,383	17.5	20.4	24.0
Dependents	3,493	3,622	3,706	8.6	11.4	16.5
Retired	308	325	330	0.8	1.0	1.5
VA beneficiaries	628	551	441	1.6	1.7	2.0
All other^{a c}	2,606	2,003	906	6.5	6.3	4.0

^aThis category is predominantly U. S. civil service employees.
^bTotal admissions, including transfers. Cases carded for record only (CRO) and cases treated in quarters are excluded.
^cThe years 1952 and 1953 include some foreign nationals hospitalized in connection with the Korean Conflict who were not prisoners of war or civilian internees.
SOURCE: Outpatient data from Outpatient Report, DD Form 444. Other data from Beds and Patients Report, DD Form 443.

sonnel did not take place among dependents but rather among the ?all other? group. That group, as noted in the table, includes some foreign nationals hospitalized in connection with the Korean Conflict who were not prisoners of war or civilian internees. Substantially all of the decrease noted in con-

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nection with the other than active duty personnel group (from 236,702 in 1952 to 221,028 in 1954) resulted from the numerical decrease in the all other group (from 61,812 in 1952 to 28,081 in 1954), with dependents registering a slight increase in numbers (from 165,809 in 1952 to 184,749 in 1954).

Daily Average Number of Beds Occupied

The daily average number of beds occupied (see table LXV) combines two factors of medical workload?number of admissions and duration of hospitalization. It indicates how many patients occupied hospital beds on the average each day in the year. In 1954 the daily average number of beds occupied was 22,398, of which number 17,015, or 76 percent, were active duty military personnel and 3,706, or 16.5 percent, were dependents. Thus in 1954, 92.5 percent of all hospital bed days were accounted for by active duty military personnel and dependents, virtually the same proportion as in 1952. However, dependents comprised only 8.6 percent of the total in 1952, but 16.5 percent in 1954. This reflects, in part, the intensive efforts to reduce the length of hospital stay, particularly the early transfer of disability cases to the Veterans Administration, which has had more effect on the average duration of active duty military cases than on that of other groups. The average durations recorded for dependent personnel, have always been relatively low and thus less amenable to reduction.

For each year of the 3-year period 1952?1954, about 40 percent of all hospital bed days attributable to dependents of military personnel were ac?counted for by cases requiring obstetrical or gynecological care, an estimated three-fourths of this proportion being hospitalization for childbirth and puerperal care.

Morbidity Among Dependents and Others

In 1954 there were 279,523 admissions of dependent and other non-active duty personnel to Army medical treatment facilities, worldwide, excluding Korea; of these, 271,157 were for disease and 8,366 for injuries. The large volume of cases in the obstetrical and gynecological class in 1954?108,339, or 34 percent of the reported incidence?shows the importance of this specialty. As pointed out above, this class of conditions accounted for about 40 percent of all bed occupancy among non-active duty personnel in 1954 and for about 15.8 percent of their outpatient service. The large numbers shown for admissions without disease result from the reporting practice of preparing a carded for record only (CRO) report for the newborn. Even though such cases are not technically ?admitted? to hospital, they have, for convenience of comparison, been included in table LXVI.

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TABLE LXVI.?MORBIDITY AMONG NON-ACTIVE DUTY MILITARY PERSONNEL: ADMISSIONS AND INCIDENCE FOR DISEASE AND INJURY, BY DIAGNOSIS, WORLDWIDE,^a 1952-1954

Major cause or diagnosis	1952	1953	1954
Total admissions, nonbattle causes^b	238,978	246,264	279,523
Disease	229,671	238,590	271,157
Nonbattle injury	9,307	7,674	8,366
Total incidence, nonbattle causes^c	284,588	295,169	321,683
Tuberculosis	1,489	1,509	1,629
Venereal disease	483	584	560
Bacillary dysentery	93	268	285
Amebic dysentery and amebiasis	78	170	69
Poliomyelitis	505	246	375
Measles	542	427	477
Parotitis, epidemic (mumps)	323	205	257
Hepatitis, infectious	725	766	668
Malaria	247	116	51
Dermatophytosis	117	171	176
Other infective and parasitic diseases	1,859	1,834	1,877
Malignant neoplasms	1,472	1,406	1,357
Neoplastic conditions of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues	303	361	352
Benign neoplasms	3,057	3,014	3,622
Psychotic disorders	710	819	892
Psychoneurotic disorders	1,337	1,329	1,351
Other psychiatric conditions	1,075	1,127	1,272
Diseases of the nervous system	1,562	1,766	2,061
Diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat	11,507	11,282	11,326
Common cold and other acute respiratory conditions	11,144	10,544	9,100
Pneumonia, all forms	3,726	3,546	3,888
Other respiratory diseases	1,699	2, 045	1,594
Diseases of the circulatory system	7,228	7,222	7,414
Dental diseases and conditions	1,107	1,066	923
Appendicitis, acute	1,751	1,718	1,852
Inguinal hernia	1,655	1,783	2,151
Gastroenteritis	2,624	2,376	2,342
Other digestive system diseases	5,797	5,956	6,517
Diseases of urinary and male genital systems	6,551	7,755	6,977
Gynecological and obstetrical	92,311	100,891	108,339
Diseases of skin and cellular tissue	3,827	4,226	4,182
Observation, diagnosis undetermined, etc	30,725	26, 392	26,754
Other diseases	15,958	15,883	16,552
Accidents, violence, and poisonings	10,519	9,462	9,910
Admissions without disease (includes newborn)	60,482	66,904	84,531

^aExcludes Korea.
^bIncludes only patients admitted to medical treatment facilities as inpatients, initial admissions only (transfers are excluded). Admissions without disease, largely newborn, are included.
^cIncidence includes secondary diagnoses and cases carded for record only, plus admissions without disease, largely newborn.
SOURCE: Morbidity Report, DD Form 442.