MEDICAL DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES ARMY
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE IN WORLD WAR II
Volume VI
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Malaria
Prepared and published under the direction of
Lieutenant General LEONARD D. HEATON
The Surgeon General, United States Army
Editor in Chief
Colonel JOHN BOYD COATES, Jr., MC, USA
Editor for Preventive Medicine
EBBE CURTIS HOFF, Ph. D., M.D.
Assistant Editor
PHEBE M. HOFF, M.A.
OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1963
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE IN WORLD WAR II
Advisory Editorial Board
Brigadier General JAMES STEVENS SIMMONS, USA (Deceased), Chairman, 1948-54
Brigadier General STANHOPE BAYNE-JONES, USA (Ret.), Chairman
JOHN E. GORDON, M.D.
WILLIAM A. HARDENBEEGH, B.E.
ANTHONY J. LANZA, M.D.
ELLIOTT S. A. ROBINSON, M.D. (Deceased)
PAUL F. RUSSELL, M.D.
THOMAS B. TURNER, M.D.
DOUGLASS W. WALKER, M.D.
COLONEL TOM F. WHAYNE, MC, USA (Ret.)
COLONEL ADAM J. RAPALSKI, MC, USA (Ex officio)
EBBE CURTIS HOFF, Ph. D., M.D., Editorial Director (ex officio)
Colonel JOHN BOYD COATES, Jr., MC, USA (ex officio)
The Historical Unit, United States Army Medical Service
Colonel JOHN BOYD COATES, Jr., MC, USA , Director
Colonel REX P. CLAYTON, MSC, USA, Executive Officer
Colonel R. L. PARKER, MSC, USA, Special Assistant to Director
Lieutenant Colonel R. J. BERNUCCI, MC, USA, Special Assistant to Director
Major WARREN W. DABOLL, MSC, USA, Special Assistant to Director
Lieutenant Colonel DOUGLAS HESFORD,MSC, USA, Chief, Special Projects Branch
CHARLES M. WILTSE, Ph. D., Litt. D., Chief, Historians Branch
ERNEST ELLIOTT, Jr., Chief, Editorial Branch
Lieutenant Colonel LEONARD L. COLLIER, MSC, USA, Chief, Information Activities Branch
Major ALBERT C. RIGGS, Jr., MSC, USA, Chief, General Reference and Research Branch
HAZEL G. HINE, Chief, Administrative Branch
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 55-63522
Volume VI
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Malaria
MEDICAL DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES ARMY
The volumes comprising the official history of the Medical Department of the United States Army in World War III are prepared by The Historical Unit, United States Army MedicalService, and published under the direction of The Surgeon General, UnitedStates Army. These volumes are divided into two series: (1) The administrative or operational series; and (2) the professional, or clinical and technical, series. This is one of the volumes of the latter series.
VOLUMES PUBLISHED
ADMINISTRATIVE SERIES
Hospitalization and Evacuation, Zoneof Interior
CLINICAL SERIES
Internal Medicine in World War II:
Vol. I. Activities of Medical Consultants
Vol. II. Infectious Diseases
Preventive Medicine in World War II:
Vol. II. Environmental Hygiene
Vol. III. Personal Health Measures and Immunization
Vol. IV. Communicable Diseases Transmitted Chiefly Through Respiratory and Alimentary Tracts
Vol. V. Communicable Diseases Transmitted Through Contact or By Unknown Means
Surgery in World War II:
Activities ofSurgical Consultants, vol.1
General Surgery, vol. II
Hand Surgery
Neurosurgery,vol. 1
Neurosurgery,vol. II
Ophthalmologyand Otolaryngology
Orthopedic Surgery in the European Theater of Operations
Orthopedic Surgery in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations
The Physiologic Effects of Wounds
Vascular Surgery
Miscellaneous:
Cold Injury, Ground Type
Dental Service in World War II
Veterinary Service in World War II
Wound Ballistics
Chapter
I Introduction (Paul F. Russell, M.D., MPH., Sc. D.)
Malaria in Past Wars
Basic Malaria Epidemiology
Malaria Lessons From World War II
Advances in Malariology in World War II
II War Department Provisions for Malaria Control (Oliver R. McCoy, M.D .)
Organization in the Office of The Surgeon General
Organization for Malaria Control
Drugs for Suppressive Treatment of Malaria
Supplies and Equipment for Insect Control
Educational Activities
Precautions Against the Introduction of Tropical Diseases into the United States
Summary
III Experience in the United States (Justin M. Andrews, Sc. D., and Jean S.Grant )
Military Mobilization in Potentially Malarious Areas of the United States
Malaria Incidence in the United States Before World War II
Civilian Reservoir of Infection
Mosquito Vectors
Development of Military Malaria Control Plan and Policy
Malaria Control Activities Within Military Areas
Malaria Control Activities Around Military Areas
Conclusions end Recommendations
IV The South Atlantic and Caribbean Areas (Luther S. West, Ph. D.)
Part I. General Considerations
Incidence
Antimalaria Organization
Control Activities
Military Development
Area Characteristics
Part II. Experience in South Atlantic Command
Extent of Command
Prevalence of Malaria on Brazilian Coast
Summary of Administrative History (Medical)
Organization
Activities at Various Bases
Extramilitary Relations
Part III. Experience in the Caribbean Defense Command
Organization
Panama Canal Department
Antilles Department
Problems of 11.5. Army Air Forces in the Caribbean Defense Command
Cooperating Organizations (Nonmilitary)
Miscellaneous Matters
V North Africa, Italy, and the Islands of the Mediterranean (Justin M. Andrews,Sc. D. )
Military Development
Area Characteristics
Malaria Experience
Antimalaria Policy and Organization
Antimalaria Activities
Conclusions and Suggestions for the Future
VI Africa-Middle East Theater (John W. H. Rehn, Ph. D.)
Military Development
Area Characteristics
Local Population
Malaria Endemicity and Potentialities
Vectors
Malaria Experience
Antimalaria Organization
Survey Activities
Antimosquito Measures
Personal Preventive Measures and Malaria Discipline
Suppressive Medication
VII China-Burma-India Theater (John W. H. Rehn, Ph. D .)
Military History
Area Characteristics
Local Population and Malaria Endemicity
Malaria Vectors
Malaria Experience
Antimalaria Organization
Antimalaria Activities
Summary
VIII New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Saint Matthias Group, and Ryuhyu Islands (Paul A. Harper, M.D., Wilbur C. Downs, M.D., Paul W. Omen, Ph. D., and Normon D. Levine, Ph. D. )
Part I. New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, and Saint Matthias Group
General Considerations
Military Development
Area Characteristics as They Pertain to Malaria and Its Control
Malaria Experience
Antimalaria Policy and Organization
Antimalaria Activities
Other Activities of the Antimalaria Organization
Part II. Okinawa and Other Islands of Ryukyus
General Considerations
Military Development
Area Characteristics
Malaria Experience
Antimalaria Policy and Organization
Antimalaria Activities
Other Activities of the Antimalaria Organization
IX Malaria and the Defense of Bataan (Maj. Gen. James O. Gillespie, MC, USA(Ret.))
Epidemiology of Malaria
Pre-Worid War II Malaria Control Measures
Medical War Planning
Military Operations
The Malaria Problem
Impact on Defense Forces
Impact on Civilian Refugees
Impact on the Japanese Forces
Impact on the Filipino-American Prisoners of War
Comment
X The Southwest Pacific Area. (Thomas A. Hart, Ph. D., and Col. William A.Hardenbergh, MSC, USAR (Ret.))
Area Characteristics
Medically Important Mosquitoes of the Southwest Pacific
Establishing a Control Organization
Important Factors in Developing the Control Program
Malaria Control Activities
Malaria Control Measures
Sixth U.S. Army Training Center
Malaria Research Group
Personnel Training
Combat Experiences and Lessons
Case Study of Malaria Incidence
Case Reporting
Reduction in Hospitalization
Japanese Malaria Experience
Other Activities of the Malaria Control Organization
Survey and Control Units
Final Results
A Standard Operating Procedure for Control of Malaria and Other Insect-borne Diseases During a Combat Operation
B Directive on Malaria Control
Figure
1 Army School of Malariology, Fort Clayton, C.Z .
2 Parasitology classroom, Army School of Malariology, Fort Clayton C. Z .
3 Class in field exercises in anopheline breeding area, Chagres River
4 Malaria control unit receiving instructions in drainage procedures
5 Field laboratory established by malaria survey unit during training exercises
6 Aerosol insecticide dispensers
7 Mixing DDT in the field
8 Preparation of DDT oil solution for use as amosquito larvicide
9 B-25 airplane spraying DDT oil solution overjungle area in Panama
10 Cover and opening page of booklet explaining the facts about malaria
11 Antimalaria poster
12 Antimalaria poster
13 Anopheles quadrimaculatus, the vector of malaria in the eastern and southern regions of the continental United States
14 Anopheles freeborni, the vector of malaria west of the Rocky Mountains in the continental United States
15 Area of Army installation before and after mosquito control drainage
16 Knapsack-type sprayer developed by the Corps of Engineers for applying insecticides for mosquito control
17 Portable power sprayer, gasoline engine driven, skid mounted, for application of insecticides for mosquito control
18 Stearman biplane applying DDT to control anopheles over Stuttgart, Ark., Army Air Base
19 Hand-spraying residual DDT in Army barracks
20 Airplane application of larvicide over a waterchestnut infested area of the Potomac River
21 Application of DDT residual spray in the interior of a rural home
22 Aedes aegypti, the vector of yellow fever and dengue along the coastal areas of the continental United States from Virginia to Texas
23 Anopheles albimanus breeding along the edges of a quiescent stream
24 Bromeliad attached to tree, a typical breeding place for Anopheles bellator Dyar and Knab
25 Horizontal section through a bromeliad to show water-holding area among leaf bases
26 Parasitology class, Army School of Malariology
27 Gypsy moth sprayer in use against bromeliads
28 Dawn trap used in mosquito survey at Fort Read, Trinidad, B.W.I .
29 Adult female of Anopheles maculipennis Meigen
30 Enemy demolished pumping station near Licola, northwest of Naples
31 Flooded area near Licola
32 Allied Force Malaria Control School at Anzio-Nettuno beachhead
33 Group at Anzio-Nettuno beachhead receiving field instructions in malaria control
34 Power oil sprayer used to apply petroleum products
35 A-20 airplane dusting paris green over flooded areas northwest of Naples
36 A-20 dusting planes flying in formation
37 Paris green mixing plant near Naples
38 Filling 55-gallon drums with freshly mixed 5 percent DDT in kerosene
39 A-20 airplane discharging DDT in oil over asmall canal near Pisa
40 PT-17 (Stearman) spraying a canal in Italy with DDT in oil
41 DDT residual spraying with power spray
42 Improvised paris green duster
43 Dusting with paris green
44 Type of barracks housing U.S. troops at Acera Airport
45 Tank with aquatic vegetation, vicinity of Calcutta, Bengal, showing Anopheles philippinensis breeding area
46 DDT air spraying at Myitkyina, Burma
47 DDT residual spraying in native quarters, using spray gun with power spray, vicinity of Ledo, Assam
48 DDT residual spraying in native quarters, using back pack spray with extension nozzle, vicinity of Ledo, Assam
49 DDT residual spraying in native quarters, using hand spray, vicinity of Ledo, Assam
50 DDT residual spraying in latrine, using continuous hand spray
51 Mosquitoproofed tents, vicinity of Ledo, Assam
52 Mosquitoproofing basha-type building, vicinity of Ledo, Assam
53 Principal vectors of malaria in the South Pacific Area
54 Recording results of microscopic examinations of blood smears
55 Anopheles sinensis
56 Open stream with grassy margins, in slight shade, a typical breeding place for Anopheles farauti , 17th Malaria Survey Unit, New Guinea
57 Refilling knapsack sprayers with oil, 8th Malaria Control Unit, New Guinea
58 Malaria control ditching and clearing crewsfurnished by the Australia New Guinea Administrative Unit to 12th MalariaControl Unit, New Guinea
59 Digging drainage ditch, 8th Malaria ControlUnit, New Guinea
60 Completed drainage ditch, 8th Malaria Control Unit, New Guinea
61 Cartoon, "Dont Be A Dunce"
62 Cartoon, "Patch That Net Hole Today"
63 Cartoon, "Watch Out for This Chow Hound"
Number
1 Projected status of malaria control organization for the oversea theaters, 13 February 1943
2 Status of malaria control organization in oversea theaters, 15 July 1943
3 Status of malaria units in oversee theaters,15 February 1944
4 Status of malaria control organization in oversea theaters, 30 September 1944
5 Status of malaria control organization in oversee theaters, 1 April 1945
6 Summary of continental mosquito control operations on military property, fiscal years 1941-45
7 Summary of continental (and Puerto Rico) mosquito control operations near areas of military importance, fiscal years 1942-46
8 Summary of entomological surveys on the extended (residual spray) program, 1945-46
9 Admissions and attack rates of malaria acquired by U.S. Army personnel in continental United States, by month and year,1917-21 and 1941-45
10 Malaria as a reported cause of death in Central andSouth American Republics and neighboring States, with selected examples
11 Number of cases and attack rates of malaria in theU.S. Army, worldwide and Latin America, by type of Plasmodium and year, 1942-45
11 Continued
12 Incidence of malaria in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1940-41
13 Deaths due to malaria in U.S. Army, by area andyear, 1940-41
14 Deaths due to malaria in the U.S. Army, worldwideand Latin America, by type of Plasmodium and year 1942-45
15 Admissions and deaths from fever of undeterminedorigin in the total U.S. Army and in the Latin American area, by year, 1942-45
16 Distribution of major mosquito vectors by zoogeographicsubdivisions in the neotropical region
17 Total cases of malaria in U.S. Army Forces, SouthAtlantic, by months, January 1943-August 1945
18 Malaria in U.S. Army Forces, South Atlantic,1943-45
19 Average temperatures, relative humidity, andprecipitation in the Canal Zone, 1943-45
20 Malaria rates for primary and recurrent casesamong U.S. Army personnel, Panama Canal Department, 1939-41
21 Malaria rates for primary and recurrent casesamong U.S. Army personnel, Panama Canal Department, by month 1941
22 Malaria rates for primary cases only, in U.S.Army personnel, in permanent (sanitated posts) and outposts (unsanitated)areas, Panama Canal Department, January-November 1942
23 Malaria rates of primary and recurrent casesamong U.S. Army personnel, Panama Canal Department, by month, 1943
24 Malaria rates of primary and recurrent casesamong U.S. Army personnel, Panama Canal Department, by month, 1944
25 Malaria rates of primary and recurrent casesamong U.S. Army personnel, Panama Canal Department, by month, 1945
26 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnel,Panama Canal Department, 1936-45
27 Medical installations, Pan American Highway
28 Malaria data for U.S. Army enlisted personnelin Puerto Rico, continental troops, and insular troops 1941
29 Admissions for malaria, 161st General Hospital,San Juan, P.R., 1942-45
30 Incidence of malaria, by months, in the U.S.Army in the Mediterranean (formerly North African) theater, 1942-45
31 Admission rates, by weeks, hospital and quarters,for malaria and fever of undetermined origin in the Seventh U.S. Army, bymajor command, during the Sicilian Campaign, 16 July-20 August 1943
32 Primary and total malaria attack rates in MTOUSA,hospital and quarters, by months, per 1,000 per annum, 1944-45
33 Incidence of toxic reactions from Atabrine atthe 59th Evacuation Hospital, 1943
34 Results of winter DDT spraying in an endemicarea, 1945
35 Average rainfall in inches at selected localities,for various time periods
36 Average temperature in degrees Fahrenheit atselected localities
37 Malaria parasite index, Liberia, 1931
38 Malaria parasite index, Liberia, 1942
39 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, among U.S. Army personnel, Africa-Middle East area, 1942-45
40 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, among U.S. Army personnel in Africa, 1942-43
41 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, among U.S. Army personnel in Middle East, 1942-43
42 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army troops,French West Africa, January 1944-December 1944
43 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army troops,in the Gold Coast and Nigeria, British West Africa, January 1943-December1944
44 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, among U.S. Army personnel, Africa-Middle East area, January 1944-December1945
45 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, among U.S. Army personnel, Persian Gulf Command, January 1944-December1945
46 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnel,Liberia, 1942-45
47 Average precipitation (in inches) at selectedlocalities in China, Burma, and India for various time periods
48 Average temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit, inselected localities, in China, Burma, and India
49 Distribution of some of the important anophelinevectors of malaria in selected portions of India
50 Distribution of important anopheline vectorsof malaria in selected portions of Burma
51 Distribution of important anopheline vectorsof malaria in selected provinces of South China
52 Attack rates for malaria and for fever of undeterminedorigin, China-Burma-India theater, 1942-45
53 Attack rates for malaria and fever of undeterminedorigin, India-Burma theater and China theater, 1944-45
54 Attack rates for malaria, Base Section, India-Burmatheater, 1944-45
55 Attack rates for malaria, Intermediate Section,India-Burma theater, 1944-45
56 Attack rates for malaria, Advance Section, India-Burmatheater, 1943-45
57 Attack rates for malaria along the Stilwell Road,1943
58 Epidemic malaria in Karachi, India, July throughDecember 1944
59 Prevalence of malaria parasitemia on South Pacificislands
60 Plasmodium species in South Pacific surveys
61 Admission rates for malaria in combined Army, Navy, Marine, and Allied troops in selected areas of the South Pacific, bymonth and year, April-December 1942
62 Admission rates for malaria in combined Army,Navy, Marine, and Allied troops in selected areas of the South Pacific, bymonth and year, January-December 1943
63 Admission rates for malaria in combined Army,Navy, Marine, and Allied troops in selected areas of the South Pacific, bymonth and year, January-December 1944
64 Admission rates for malaria in combined Army,Navy, Marine and Allied troops in selected areas of the South Pacific, bymonth and year, January-June 1945
65 Malaria and insect control personnel, South PacificArea, 15 May 1944
66 Personnel available for work of malaria controlunits, South Pacific Area
67 Estimated percent of quarters screened, SouthPacific Area, June 1944
68 Strength of Tenth U.S. Army and marine and navalforces, in the Ryukyus Campaign, 30 April-30 June 1945
69 Air temperatures, Naha, Okinawa, 30-year observationperiod
70 Rainfall (measurement in inches) and rainy days,Naha, Okinawa
71 Results of blood examinations of natives duringmalaria outbreak in northern Okinawa, August-September 1945
72 Airplane spraying activities, Okinawa, May-July1945
73 Splenic indices in natives of Netherlands NewGuinea
73 Continued
74 Distribution of anopheline species of the AustralasianRegion
74 Continued
75 Comparison of gametocyte rate and malaria ratein selected troops. 1944
76 Mosquito dissections (Anopheles punctulatus)
77 Malaria attack rates in the 126th and 128th InfantryRegiments, January-July 1944
78 Number of cases of malaria in the 41st InfantryDivision, June-August 1944
79 Number of cases and attack rates of malaria amongU.S. Army personnel in the Southwest Pacific Area, by type of Plasmodiumand year, 1942-45
80 Deaths due to malaria among U.S. Army personneladmitted in the Southwest Pacific Area, by type of Plasmodium and year ofdeath, 1942-45
1 Admission rates for malaria, U.S. Army, continental United States, World War I and World War II
2 Admission rates for malaria, U.S. Army, by year, 1941-45
3 Morbidity and mortality rates for malaria inall States reporting cases and deaths, 1926 to 1940 inclusive
4 Malaria Control in War Areas, lines of authority and interrelations
5 Headquarters organization of the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas
6 Trend of dengue cases compared with rainfalland the Aedes breeding index during the dengue epidemic in Honolulu, T.H.,1943-44
7 Table of organization, Headquarters, MedicalSection, U.S. Army Forces, South Atlantic
8 Special malaria control organization, North African theater, 15 August 1944
9 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnel, Africa-Middle East area, 1942-4 5
10 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnelin Africa and the Middle East, June 1942-August 1943
11 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnelin the Africa-Middle East area (excluding Persian Gulf Command) and in thePersian Gulf Command, 1944-45
12 Attack rates for malaria among U.S. Army personnelin Liberia, 1942-45
13 Attack rates for malaria, China-Burma-India theater,1942-45
14 Attack rates for malaria, China theater, 1944-45
15 Attack rates for malaria, Base Section, India-Burmatheater, 1944-45
16 Attack rates for malaria, Intermediate Section,India-Burma theater, 1944-45
17 Attack rates for malaria, Advance Section, India-Burmatheater, 1943-45
18 Malaria control organization, Headquarters, China-Burma-Indiatheater, 1943
19 Malaria control organization, India-Burma theater,after October 1944
20 Incidence of malaria in the Americal Division,January 1943 to May 1944, inclusive
21 Incidence of malaria in the 147th Infantry,December 1942 to October 1944, inclusive
21 Continued
22 Incidence of malaria in the 25th Infantry Division,January 1943 to October 1944, inclusive
23 Malaria and Insect Control Organization, SouthPacific Area, 1 June 1944
24 Island organization and command channels, JointArmy-Navy malaria and insect control
25 Guadalcanal Malaria and Insect Control Organization
26 Japanese and U.S. admission rates during February1943
Number
1 Areas of the continental United States believed to be malarious in 1882
2 Areas of the continental United States believed to be malarious in 1912
3 Areas of the continental United States believed to be malarious in 1932
4 Areas of the continental United States believed to be malarious in 1934-35
5 Geographic distribution of three species of anophelines associated with malaria transmission in the continental United States
6 Location of Army installations in the continental United States, where mosquito control was carried out in 1941
7 Location of Army installations in the continental United States, where mosquito control was carried out in 1945
8 Geographic distribution and types of projects being carried on by Malaria Control in War Areas, 1 July 1943
9 Geographic distribution and types of MalariaControl in War Areas control operations in 1945-46
10 Caribbean area and South Atlantic theater
11 North African Theater of Operations, 1944
12 Principal cities of NATOUSA (MTOUSA), 1944
13 Distribution of malaria in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, 1944, and in Corsica, 1925
14 U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East, jurisdictional map, 1942
15 U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East, jurisdictional map, 1943
16 U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East, jurisdictional map, 1944
17 Air Communications, U.S. Army Forces, Africa and the Middle East, 1941-45
18 Regional map of Africa
19 Southeast Asia, showing India-Burma theater with major administrative divisions and China theater in 1945
20 Southeast Asia, showing geographic divisions in portions of India and Burma occupied by U.S. troops
21 Malaria in India
22 Malaria in Burma
23 Pacific Ocean Area
24 Malarious islands of the South Pacific Area
25 Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides
26 Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands
27 Bougainville Island
28 Okinawa Islands, showing localization of malaria outbreak of 1945
29 Situation on Bataan, 8 January 1942, approximate U.S. battle positions
30 New Guinea
31 Distribution of the Anopheles punctulatus series
32 Admiralty Islands
