History

CHAPTER XI

Strength and Distribution of Military Personnel

OVERALL STRENGTH

Overall strength of the Medical Department and its military components during the emergency and war periods, in comparison with the strength of the Army as a whole, is shown in table 1. The figures include a sizeable number of Medical and Dental Corps officers who, though placed on active duty in 1944, served in the Veterans` Administration and, therefore, were not available for Army duty (table 27).

DISTRIBUTION, OVERSEAS AND IN THE ZONE OF INTERIOR

Prior to the passage of the Selective Service Act in September 1940 and the Federalization of the National Guard, approximately 16 to 17 percent of the Medical Department`s personnel were serving overseas (table 28). With the expansion of the Army, large numbers of men were assigned to the Medical Department, but since the vast majority of these remained in the Zone of Interior for training purposes, the proportion of the medical strength in

TABLE 27.-Number of Medical Department officers assigned to the Veterans` Administration, January 1944-June 1946

Month	1944		1945		1946
Month	Medical Corps	Dental Corps	Medical Corps	Dental Corps	Medical Corps	Dental Corps
January	400	---	1,647	150	1,310	160
February	500	---	1,673	150	1,195	150
March	600	---	1,669	155	1,154	143
April	750	---	1,674	160	826	110
May	856	79	1,677	165	663	87
June	951	103	1,676	165	569	78
July	998	115	1,676	165
August	1,124	122	1,671	165
September	1,180	130	1,645	165
October	1,237	141	1,565	165
November	1,237	141	1,495	170
December	1,622	149	1,356	160

Source: "Time Series on Medical Department Personnel by Corps, 1942-46," furnished to Historical Division, Office of The Surgeon General, by Resources Analysis Division, Office of The Surgeon General, 24 January 1950.

340

oversea areas was considerably smaller in the months preceding Pearl Harbor than it had been a year earlier. The ration of medical troops, and of service troops, in general, to total oversea strength also was low (table 29). After 7 December 1941, the shipment of service troops abroad was accelerated, and the proportion of medical personnel to total oversea strength likewise increased very considerably (tables 29 and 30). When, in January 1944, major emphasis again was placed on provision of combat troops, the rate of augmentation of medical personnel, in contrast to the earlier period, generally exceeded that of service troops as a whole (table 29). The ratio of medical to general Army strength overseas declined only slightly prior to V-E Day (table 31). Once the initial lag in shipment of medical troops was overcome, the percentage of total Army strength and the percentage of total Medical Department strength stationed in oversea areas were fairly equal (table 31).

TABLE 28.-Oversea strength of the Medical Department, 30 June 1939 and 30 June 1940

Group	Oversea strength¹		Percent of worldwide strength²
Group	30 June 1939	30 June 1940	30 June 1939	30 June 1940
Medical Corps	183	229	16.7	14.5
Dental Corps	42	57	19.0	16.1
Veterinary Corps	17	18	13.5	10.5
Army Nurse Corps	110	138	16.4	14.6
Enlisted personnel	---	2,556	---	17.1

¹Annual Reports of The Surgeon General, U.S. Army. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1939 and 1940.
²For worldwide strength, see table 1. To enlisted strength as shown there, 310 Philippine Scouts have been added.

341

TABLE 29.-Development of Medical Department strength overseas, as compared with development of service strength, November 1941-September 1945¹

End of month	Total Army	Service strength			Medical Department²
End of month	Oversea strength³ (percent increase)	Number⁴	Percent of total oversea Army	Percent increase	Percent of total oversea Army	Percent increase
1941
November	---	40,234	24.4	---	4.8	---
1942
March	98.7	87,178	26.6	116.7	5.8	138.9
June	83.4	207,266	34.4	137.7	7.1	124.0
September	36.8	303,808	36.9	46.6	7.1	37.5
1943
January	36.1	462,049	41.3	52.1	7.9	49.7
April	25.0	618,398	44.2	33.8	8.1	28.6
July	27.2	822,167	46.2	33.0	7.8	23.3
October	20.1	1,059,839	49.6	28.9	8.4	28.9
1944
January	31.6	1,376,992	48.9	29.9	8.5	32.8
April	26.2	1,695,822	47.7	23.1	8.5	25.8
July	15.3	1,957,559	47.8	15.4	8.4	14.5
October	13.2	2,148,669	46.3	9.8	8.4	13.7
1945
January	10.5	2,366,840	46.2	10.2	8.4	9.9
April	5.9	2,463,761	45.4	4.1	8.3	4.5
July	-9.9	2,389,223	49.1	-2.7	8.4	-8.8
September	-15.5	2,044,607	49.5	-14.7	7.8	-21.7

¹For purposes of comparability, all data for April, July, and September 1945 exclude personnel under the command of the Commanding General, Army Air Forces.
²For basic data, see table 31.
³For basic data, see table 31.
⁴Basic data for 30 November 1941 provided by The Adjutant General`s Strength and Accounting Branch, June 1958. All other basic data from "Strength of the Army" for dates corresponding to those shown; includes, in addition to the Medical Department, the following categories as shown in the sources: Chemical Warfare Service; Corps of Engineers; Signal Corps, Adjutant General`s Department; Chaplains Corps; Finance Department; Judge Advocate General`s Department; Ordnance Department; Quartermaster Corps; Inspector General`s Department; Military Intelligence; General Staff Corps; Warrant Officers; Transportation Corps (September 1942-September 1945); Military Police Corps (March 1942-September 1945); Specialists Reserve (June 1942-April 1945); Army Specialist Corps (September 1942); WAAC or WAC (January 1943-September 1945); Detached List and/or Detached Enlisted Men`s List (November 1941-October 1944); Not Member of a Branch/or Branch Immaterial (June 1942-September 1945); unassigned and miscellaneous detachments (November 1941-March 1942). Personnel shown under "service strength" minus those in the Corps of Engineers, Signal Corps, and Chemical Warfare Service. These originally were grouped with the combat arms.

342-344

TABLE 30.-Movement of Medical Department troops overseas, compared with movement of all Army, all combat, and all service troops, July 1942-August 1945¹

Month and year	Army		Combat troops²			Service troops³
	Total Army shipments		Total	Percent of total Army shipments	Percent increase⁴	Total including miscellaneous			Total excluding miscellaneous			Medical Department
	Total Army shipments					Total including miscellaneous			Total excluding miscellaneous			Total			Nurses
	Number	Percent increase⁴				Number	Percent of total Army shipments	Percent increase⁴	Number⁵	Percent of total Army shipments	Percent increase⁴	Number	Percent of total Army shipments	Percent increase⁴	Number	Percent increase⁴
Total, July 1942-August 1945	6,490,176		3,683,149	56.7		2,807,027	43.3		2,244,182	34.6		421,237	6.5		31,973
1942
Total, July-December	528,029		244,044	46.2		283,985	53.8		190,841	36.1		30,689	5.8		1,190
July	66,879		23,759	35.5		43,120	64.5		32,661	48.8		3,608	5.4		44
August	116,088		54,511	47.0		61,577	53.0		46,015	39.6		5,094	4.4		62
September	84,727		45,579	53.8		39,168	46.2		22,458	26.5		4,646	5.5		2
October	95,929		56,547	58.9		39,382	41.1		27,702	28.9		6,899	7.2		173
November	76,219		26,359	34.6		49,860	65.4		30,760	40.4		3,936	5.2		371
December	88,167		37,289	42.3		50,878	57.7		31,245	35.4		6,506	7.4		538
1943
Total, January-June	660,802	25.1	298,794	45.2	22.4	362,008	54.7	27.5	285,026	43.1	43.1	44,627	6.7	45.4	2,814	136.5
January	80,526		26,726	33.2		53,800	66.8		40,213	49.9		7,006	8.7		478
February	84,412		36,256	43.0		48,156	57.0		40,903	48.5		5,079	6.0		258
March	70,399		28,875	41.0		41,524	59.0		35,445	50.3		5,081	7.2		152
April	^150,038		^78,036	52.0		72,002	48.0		61,181	40.7		11,857	7.9		803
May	142,787		65,417	45.8		77,370	53.9		59,235	41.5		8,788	6.2		588
June	132,640		63,484	47.9		69,156	52.1		48,149	36.3		6,816	5.1		535
Total, July-December	1,120,376	69.5	550,364	49.1	84.2	570,012	50.9	57.5	464,549	41.5	63.0	86,562	7.7	94.0	7,297	159.3
July	159,904		72,126	45.5		87,178	54.5		59,243	37.0		10,111	6.3		701
August	154,489		66,021	42.7		88,468	57.3		70,556	45.7		15,070	9.8		1,699
September	159,755		87,215	54.6		72,540	47.0		61,914	38.6		14,574	9.1		1,409
October	229,787		129,546	56.4		100,241	43.6		84,807	36.9		13,578	5.9		962
November	152,483		63,700	41.8		88,783	58.2		79,327	52.0		11,082	7.3		1,162
December	263,958		131,156	49.7		132,802	50.3		108,702	41.2		22,147	8.4		1,364
1944
Total, January-June	1,428,115	27.5	787,239	55.1	43.0	640,876	44.9	12.4	533,440	37.4	14.8	108,537	7.6	25.4	7,163	-1.8
January	248,245		125,633	50.6		122,612	49.4		106,953	43.1		17,670	7.1		1,412
February	273,858		159,072	58.1		114,786	63.8		95,669	50.6		21,075	7.7		^1,484
March	278,631		148,789	53.4		129,842	46.6		101,434	53.4		23,771	8.5		2,166
April	241,571		142,518	59.0		99,053	41.0		84,904	35.1		15,995	6.6		965
May	211,715		112,138	53.0		99,577	47.0		86,821	41.0		13,310	6.3		519
June	174,095		99,089	56.9		75,006	43.1		57,659	33.1		16,716	9.6		617
Total, July-December	1,471,015	3.0	941,826	64.0	19.6	529,189	36.0	-17.4	455,121	30.9	-14.7	91,210	6.2	-16.0	7,171	.1
July	269,384		181,303	67.3		88,081	32.7		75,342	28.0		18,509	6.9		1,582
August	238,160		158,745	66.7		79,415	33.3		67,336	28.3		11,081	4.7		682
September	235,025		153,955	65.5		81,070	34.5		64,516	27.5		13,068	5.6		649
October	268,858		152,338	64.8		116,520	43.3		106,532	39.6		20,876	7.8		2,059
November	234,568		168,821	70.3		69,747	29.7		57,577	24.5		10,257	4.4		507
December	225,020		130,664	58.1		94,356	41.9		83,818	37.2		17,419	7.7		1,692
1945
Total, January-June	1,043,377	-29.1	691,060	66.2	-26.6	352,317	33.8	-33.4	262,439	25.2	-42.3	49,671	4.8	-45.5	3,658	-49.0
January	278,852		202,727	72.7		76,125	27.3		60,769	21.8		12,381	4.4		285
February	225,562		133,204	59.1		92,358	40.9		69,189	30.7		12,145	5.4		404
March	199,660		136,159	68.2		63,501	31.8		39,471	19.8		8,313	4.2		836
April	134,803		89,601	66.5		45,202	33.5		31,442	23.3		5,691	4.2		418
May	88,519		60,260	68.1		28,259	31.9		21,150	23.9		4,464	5.0		959
June	115,981		69,109	59.6		46,872	40.4		40,417	34.8		6,677	5.8		756
Total, July-August	238,462	-77.1	169,822	71.2	-75.4	68,640	28.8	-80.1	52,766	22.1	-79.9	9,941	4.2	-80.0	2,680	-26.7
July	79,619		47,927	60.2		31,692	39.8		23,804	29.9		4,556	5.7		1,047
August	158,843		121,895	76.7		36,948	23.3		28,962	18.2		5,385	3.4		1,633

¹Basic data from "Troops Embarked by Arms and Services," in Army Service Forces, Statistical Review, World War II, pp. 123-124. Includes troops embarked by the Transportation Corps only. Personnel shown for each arm or service is primarily the strength of the units belonging to these arms and services and therefore includes troops not assigned to the branch. In the case of the Medical Department, for example, the numbers shown do not include attached medical personnel in infantry and similar units; on the other hand, chaplains are included in the strength of the medical personnel. It is not known whether casuals are included.
²Air Corps, Coast Artillery, Armored Force, Field Artillery, and Infantry.
³Includes Chemical Warfare, Engineers, "Medical Corps" (that is, Medical Department other than nurses), Army Nurses Corps, Ordnance, Quartermaster Corps, Signal Corps, and Transportation Corps. A "miscellaneous" category also is included in the source, but its content is not known. If it includes all branches other than those specifically mentioned, it should be added to the service category since all the combat arms have been shown. On the other hand, if it also includes casuals, it may include combat troops. For this reason, the service troops are shown both with the miscellaneous category and without it.
⁴Percentage of increase over previous summary period shown.
⁵Includes Army Nurse as shown in column of this table so headed.

345-365

TABLE 31.-Oversea strength of the Medical Department and oversea Negro medical strength, by area,¹ 31 July 1941-30 September 1945

Area	Army		Medical Department			Negroes-Army		Negroes-Medical Department
	Strength²	Percent of worldwide strength	Strength³	Percent of worldwide strength	Strength per 1,000 troops	Stength⁴	Percent of worldwide strength	Strength⁵	Percent of worldwide strength	Percent of Medical Department strength
	31 July 1941
Worldwide	1,531,012	100.00	127,221	100.00	83	82,037	100.00	0	0	0
Overseas	135,722	8.86	5,276	4.15	39	0	0	0	0	0
En route	190	.01	0	0	0	259	.32	0	0	0
Foreign	135,532	8.85	5,276	4.15	39	0	0	0	0	0
North America	4,674	.31	172	.14	37	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	9,946	.65	280	.22	28	0	0	0	0	0
Caribbean	58,534	3.82	2,121	1.67	36	259	.32	0	0	0
South Atlantic	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Europe	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
North Africa	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Africa-Middle East	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Persian Gulf	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
China- Burma-India	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Total Pacific areas	62,378	4.07	2,703	2.12	43	0	0	0	0	0
Southwest Pacific Area	22,493	1.47	1,158	.91	51	0	0	0	0	0
Pacific Ocean Areas	40,214	2.63	1,545	1.21	38	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	30 November 1941
Worldwide	1,644,210	100.00	131,586	100.00	81	98,664	100.00	0	0	0
Overseas	165,155	10.04	7,992	7.36	48	939	.95	0	0	0
En route	904	.05	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Foreign	164,251	9.99	7,992	7.36	49	939	.95	0	0	0
North America	11,051	.67	1,352	1.03	122	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	21,461	1.31	1,124	.85	52	0	0	0	0	0
Caribbean	57,467	3.50	2,379	1.81	41	939	.95	0	0	0
South Atlantic	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Europe	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
North Africa	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Africa-Middle East	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Persian Gulf	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
China- Burma-India	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Total Pacific areas	74,272	4.52	3,137	2.38	42	0	0	0	0	0
Southwest Pacific Area	31,030	1.89	1,623	1.23	52	0	0	0	0	0
Pacific Ocean Areas	43,059	2.62	1,514	1.15	35	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	31 March 1942
Worldwide	2,386,138	100.00	201,162	100.00	84	143,556	100.00	3,812	100.00	1.89
Overseas	328,113	13.75	19,093	9.49	58	3,324	2.32	20	.52	.10
En route	4,306	.18	41	.02	10	0	0	0	0	0
Foreign	323,807	13.57	19,052	9.47	59	3,324	2.32	20	.52	.10
North America	23,261	.97	1,880	.93	81	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	33,221	1.39	1,364	.68	41	0	0	0	0	0
Caribbean	86,828	3.64	4,466	2.22	51	1,161	.81	0	0	0
South Atlantic	11,495	.06	119	.06	80	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	13,811	.58	1,624	.81	118	1	.00	0	0	0
North Africa	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Africa-Middle East	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Persian Gulf	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
China- Burma-India	3,216	.13	119	.06	37	0	0	0	0	0
Total Pacific areas	161,875	6.78	9,480	4.71	59	---	---	---	---	---
Southwest Pacific Area	62,500	2.62	3,330	1.66	53	884	.62	0	0	0
Pacific Ocean Areas	97,970	4.11	6,150	3.06	63	1,278	.89	20	.52	.33
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	30 June 1942
Worldwide	3,074,184	100.00	253,707	100.00	83	178,708	100.00	5,939	100.00	2.95
Overseas	601,777	19.58	42,770	16.86	71	33,869	18.95	626	10.54	1.46
En route	81,056	2.64	4,536	1.79	56	10,254	5.74	201	3.38	4.43
Foreign	520,721	16.94	38,234	15.07	73	23,615	13.21	425	7.16	1.11
North America	45,573	1.48	2,702	1.07	59	3,685	2.06	77	1.30	2.85
Alaska	50,845	1.65	2,218	.87	44	1,159	.65	37	.62	1.67
Caribbean	103,403	3.36	5,726	2.26	55	3,631	2.03	95	1.60	1.66
South Atlantic	1,623	.05	117	.05	73	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	54,667	1.78	3,856	1.52	71	754	.42	0	0	0
North Africa	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Africa-Middle East	217	.01	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Persian Gulf	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
China- Burma-India	7,474	.24	620	.24	82	439	.25	0	0	0
Total Pacific areas	256,929	8.36	22,995	9.06	89	13,947	7.80	216	3.64	.94
Southwest Pacific Area	92,668	3.01	10,238	4.04	110	6,944	3.89	78	1.31	.76
Pacific Ocean Areas	165,649	5.39	12,757	5.02	77	7,003	3.92	138	2.32	1.08
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	30 September 1942
Worldwide	3,971,016	100.00	349,253	100.00	88	255,545	100.00	---	---	---
Overseas	822,962	20.72	58,827	16.84	71	45,300	17.72	991	---	1.68
En route	52,719	1.33	3,926	1.12	74	1,431	.56	66	---	1.68
Foreign	770,243	19.40	54,901	15.72	71	43,869	17.16	925	---	1.69
North America	65,554	1.65	4,391	1.26	67	4,938	1.93	120	---	2.73
Alaska	76,005	1.91	3,010	.86	40	0	0	0	---	0
Caribbean	109,650	2.76	5,962	1.71	55	3,610	1.41	66	---	1.11
South Atlantic	2,012	.05	159	.05	79	0	0	0	---	0
Europe	186,195	4.69	13,031	3.73	70	11,406	4.46	156	---	1.20
North Africa	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	---	0
Africa-Middle East	9,273	.23	517	.15	56	1,376	.54	114	---	22.05
Persian Gulf	456	.01	21	.006	46	0	0	0	---	0
China- Burma-India	13,453	.34	1,100	.31	82	2,434	.95	46	---	4.18
Total Pacific areas	307,421	7.74	26,707	7.64	87	20,105	7.87	423	---	1.58
Southwest Pacific Area	105,295	2.65	11,399	3.26	108	8,157	3.19	168	---	1.47
Pacific Ocean Areas	202,126	5.09	15,308	4.38	76	11,948	4.68	255	---	1.67
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	224	.06	3	0	13	0	0	0	---	0
	31 January 1943
Worldwide	5,824,517	100.00	497,252	100.00	86	435,487	100.00	18,279	100.00	3.68
Overseas	1,119,903	19.23	88,041	17.71	79	63,357	14.55	1,311	7.17	1.49
En route	28,602	.49	3,703	.74	129	1,504	.35	38	.20	1.03
Foreign	1,091,301	18.73	84,338	16.96	77	61,853	14.20	1,273	6.97	1.51
North America	70,214	1.21	4,622	.93	66	3,995	.92	96	.53	2.08
Alaska	97,985	1.68	4,975	1.00	51	1,202	.28	0	0	0
Caribbean	118,829	2.04	6,583	1.32	55	2,335	.54	50	.27	.76
South Atlantic	3,270	.06	202	.04	62	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	120,372	2.07	10,738	2.16	89	9,541	2.19	114	.62	1.06
North Africa	260,771	4.48	20,836	4.19	80	10,697	2.46	245	1.34	1.18
Africa-Middle East	25,405	.44	2,506	.50	99	1,879	.43	204	1.12	8.14
Persian Gulf	10,949	.19	1,072	.22	98	2,559	.59	17	.09	1.59
China- Burma-India	18,796	.32	1,276	.27	68	2,644	.61	12	.07	.94
Total Pacific areas	364,451	6.26	31,525	6.34	86	27,001	6.20	535	2.93	1.70
Southwest Pacific Area	118,005	2.03	12,994	2.61	110	7,884	1.81	137	.75	1.05
Pacific Ocean Areas	246,446	4.23	18,531	3.73	75	19,117	4.39	398	2.18	2.15
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	259	0	3	0	12	0	0	0	0	0
	30 April 1943
Worldwide	6,719,827	100.00	588,330	100.00	87	534,496	100.00	26,330	100.00	4.48
Overseas	1,399,643	20.83	113,213	19.24	81	102,670	19.20	2,126	8.07	1.88
En route	100,648	1.50	9,080	1.54	90	9,953	1.86	238	.90	2.62
Foreign	1,298,995	19.33	104,133	17.70	80	92,717	17.33	1,888	7.17	1.81
North America	75,719	1.13	5,153	.88	68	2,707	.51	72	.27	1.40
Alaska	104,878	1.56	5,700	.97	54	1,888	.35	33	.13	.58
Caribbean	115,771	1.72	6,855	1.17	59	2,326	.43	47	.19	.69
South Atlantic	4,908	.07	453	.08	92	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	111,506	1.66	10,855	1.86	97	5,188	.97	57	.22	.53
North Africa	395,461	5.88	31,164	5.30	79	35,269	6.59	657	2.50	2.11
Africa-Middle East	37,272	.55	3,447	.59	92	2,099	.39	321	1.22	9.31
Persian Gulf	18,513	.28	1,812	.31	98	5,152	.96	55	.21	3.04
China- Burma-India	30,110	.45	4,286	.73	142	4,143	.77	47	.19	1.09
Total Pacific areas	404,385	6.02	34,404	5.80	85	33,945	6.35	599	2.27	1.74
Southwest Pacific Area	140,577	2.09	14,276	2.43	101	9,148	1.71	159	.60	1.11
Pacific Ocean Areas	263,808	3.93	20,128	3.42	76	24,797	4.64	440	1.67	2.19
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	472	0	4	0	8	0	0	0	0	0
	31 July 1943
Worldwide	7,126,818	100.00	628,360	100.00	88	576,886	100.00	29,403	100.00	4.68
Overseas	1,779,688	24.97	139,564	22.21	78	135,150	23.41	2,401	8.17	1.72
En route	50,925	.71	5,881	.94	115	6,670	1.16	116	.40	1.97
Foreign	1,728,763	24.26	133,683	21.27	77	128,480	22.25	2,285	7.77	1.71
North America	80,688	1.13	4,683	.75	58	2,766	.48	75	.26	1.60
Alaska	138,882	1.95	8,663	1.38	62	3,406	.59	36	.12	.42
Caribbean	114,191	1.60	6,063	.96	53	2,296	.40	48	.16	.79
South Atlantic	5,707	.08	452	.07	79	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	239,254	3.36	18,278	2.91	76	17,730	3.07	286	.97	1.56
North Africa	528,608	7.42	42,092	6.70	80	44,953	7.79	742	2.52	1.76
Africa-Middle East	39,163	.55	2,882	.46	74	2,240	.39	192	.65	6.66
Persian Gulf	27,320	.38	2,636	.42	96	5,246	.91	31	.11	1.18
China- Burma-India	34,902	.54	4,999	.80	143	4,110	.71	57	.19	1.14
Total Pacific areas	519,514	7.29	42,929	6.80	83	45,733	7.92	818	2.78	1.91
Southwest Pacific Area	200,841	2.82	19,408	3.09	97	12,653	2.19	177	.60	.91
Pacific Ocean Areas	318,673	4.47	23,521	3.74	74	33,080	5.73	641	2.18	2.73
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	534	0	6	0	11	0	0	0	0	0
	31 October 1943
Worldwide	7,333,474	100.00	615,102	100.00	84	610,687	100.00	25,976	100.00	4.22
Overseas	2,238,799	30.53	179,914	29.25	80	181,450	29.71	3,388	12.85	1.86
En route	100,589	1.37	5,474	.89	54	4,171	.68	115	.44	2.10
Foreign	2,138,210	29.16	174,440	28.36	82	177,279	29.03	3,273	12.60	1.88
North America	61,023	.83	3,867	.63	63	254	.04	0	0	0
Alaska	127,976	1.75	8,517	1.39	67	4,447	.73	36	.14	.42
Caribbean	106,953	1.46	5,562	.91	52	2,264	.37	41	.16	.74
South Atlantic	6,940	.09	453	.07	65	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	460,502	6.28	38,084	6.19	83	40,252	6.59	915	3.53	2.40
North Africa	632,744	8.63	54,425	8.85	86	56,448	9.24	867	3.35	1.59
Africa-Middle East	25,488	.35	2,490	.41	98	2,145	.35	223	.86	8.96
Persian Gulf	29,545	.40	2,774	.45	94	4,824	.79	55	.21	1.98
China- Burma-India	70,661	.96	7,303	1.19	103	12,434	2.04	205	.79	2.81
Total Pacific areas	615,338	8.39	50,946	8.28	83	54,211	8.88	931	3.60	1.11
Southwest Pacific Area	263,120	3.59	25,034	4.07	95	18,485	3.03	279	1.08	2.52
Pacific Ocean Areas	352,218	4.80	25,912	4.21	74	35,726	5.85	652	2.52	1.83
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	1,040	.01	19	0	18	0	0	0	0	0
	31 January 1944
Worldwide	7,556,157	100.00	628,758	100.00	83	646,800	100.00	26,229	100.00	4.17
Overseas	2,814,658	37.25	238,914	38.00	85	243,503	37.65	5,246	20.00	2.20
En route	84,435	1.12	5,730	.91	68	8,851	1.37	542	2.07	9.46
Foreign	2,730,223	36.13	233,184	37.08	85	234,652	36.28	4,704	17.93	0
North America	54,584	.72	3,264	.52	60	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	114,225	1.51	7,681	1.22	67	4,727	.73	71	.27	.92
Caribbean	89,727	1.19	5,266	.84	59	0	0	0	0	0
South Atlantic	7,890	.10	601	.09	76	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	935,346	12.38	81,616	12.98	87	77,580	11.99	1,586	6.05	1.94
North Africa	621,831	8.23	51,692	8.22	83	59,394	9.18	949	3.62	1.84
Africa-Middle East	16,411	.22	1,811	.29	110	788	.12	152	.58	8.39
Persian Gulf	29,445	.32	2,700	.43	92	4,020	.62	46	.18	1.70
China- Burma-India	107,595	1.42	9,945	1.58	92	15,711	2.43	248	.95	2.49
Total Pacific areas	752,056	9.95	68,590	10.91	91	72,432	11.04	1,652	6.30	2.41
Southwest Pacific Area	329,372	4.36	33,186	5.28	100	27,695	4.28	395	1.51	1.19
Pacific Ocean Areas	422,684	5.59	35,404	5.63	84	44,737	6.92	1,257	4.79	3.55
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	1,113	.01	18	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	30 April 1944
Worldwide	7,848,172	100.00	651,162	100.00	83	686,220	100.00	25,556	100.00	3.92
Overseas	3,552,485	45.27	300,502	46.15	85	325,960	47.50	9,875	38.64	3.29
En route	78,664	1.00	4,916	.75	62	3,770	.55	672	2.63	13.29
Foreign	3,473,821	44.26	295,586	45.39	85	322,190	46.95	9,203	36.01	3.11
North America	47,908	.61	3,024	.46	63	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	91,546	1.17	4,762	.73	52	5,922	.86	143	.56	4.73
Caribbean	84,013	1.07	5,024	.77	60	0	0	0	0	0
South Atlantic	6,991	.09	567	.09	81	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	1,421,908	18.12	125,729	19.31	88	114,691	16.75	3,087	12.08	2.45
North Africa	697,785	8.89	55,211	8.48	79	77,686	11.32	1,506	5.89	2.73
Africa-Middle East	15,951	.20	1,396	.21	88	722	.11	83	.32	5.95
Persian Gulf	29,300	.37	2,468	.38	84	3,987	.58	45	.18	1.82
China- Burma-India	150,101	1.91	11,344	1.74	76	16,910	2.46	270	1.06	2.38
Total Pacific areas	927,045	11.81	86,036	13.21	93	102,272	14.90	4,069	15.92	2.70
Southwest Pacific Area	448,165	5.71	47,259	7.26	105	37,781	5.51	1,277	5.00	4.73
Pacific Ocean Areas	478,880	6.10	38,777	5.96	81	64,491	9.40	2,792	10.93	7.20
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	1,273	.02	25	0	20	0	0	0	0	0
	31 July 1944
Worldwide	8,049,770	100.00	679,561	100.00	84	699,666	100.00	21,902	100.00	3.22
Overseas	4,095,129	50.87	343,931	50.61	84	382,999	54.74	10,228	46.70	2.97
En route	107,716	1.34	6,301	.93	58	9,712	1.39	17	.07	.27
Foreign	3,987,413	49.53	337,630	49.68	85	373,287	53.35	10,211	46.62	3.02
North America	26,815	.33	1,696	.25	63	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	71,181	.88	4,055	.60	57	4,141	.59	98	.45	2.42
Caribbean	72,172	.90	4,265	.63	59	0	0	0	0	0
South Atlantic	3,462	.04	529	.08	153	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	1,770,614	22.00	159,282	23.40	90	154,157	22.03	3,510	16.03	2.20
North Africa	724,057	8.96	55,998	8.24	77	77,017	11.01	1,247	5.69	2.28
Africa-Middle East	9,603	.12	1,190	.18	124	752	.11	94	.43	7.90
Persian Gulf	28,296	.35	2,218	.33	78	3,998	.57	45	.21	2.03
China- Burma-India	142,640	1.77	12,324	1.81	86	17,190	2.46	269	1.23	2.18
Total Pacific areas	1,056,804	13.13	94,437	13.90	89	114,282	16.33	4,948	22.59	5.24
Southwest Pacific Area	664,508	8.26	60,140	8.85	91	73,078	10.44	3,184	14.54	5.29
Pacific Ocean Areas	392,296	4.87	34,297	5.05	87	41,204	5.89	1,764	8.05	5.14
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	80,160	1.00	1,600	.24	20	1,750	.25	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	1,609	.02	36	0	22	0	0	0	0	0
	31 October 1944
Worldwide	8,103,376	100.00	687,501	100.00	84	701,660	100.00	21,245	100.00	3.09
Overseas	4,635,763	57.21	391,120	56.89	84	438,407	62.48	12,742	59.98	3.26
En route	132,710	1.64	11,681	1.70	88	14,878	2.12	455	2.14	3.90
Foreign	4,503,053	55.57	379,439	55.19	84	423,529	60.36	12,287	57.83	3.24
North America	22,180	.27	1,254	.18	57	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	58,654	.72	3,523	.51	60	4,207	.60	106	.50	3.01
Caribbean	69,266	.85	3,720	.54	54	4,075	.58	34	.16	.91
South Atlantic	2,711	.03	458	.07	169	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	2,203,583	27.19	198,410	28.86	90	178,866	25.49	4,382	20.63	2.21
North Africa	712,218	8.79	55,500	8.07	80	85,306	12.16	1,922	9.05	3.46
Africa-Middle East	9,286	.11	1,156	.17	124	776	.11	92	.43	7.96
Persian Gulf	27,710	.34	2,031	.30	73	3,895	.56	61	.29	3.00
China- Burma-India	159,414	1.97	15,275	2.22	96	18,502	2.64	384	1.81	2.51
Total Pacific areas	1,116,983	13.78	95,896	13.95	86	125,174	17.84	5,306	24.97	5.53
Southwest Pacific Areas	701,035	8.65	61,625	8.96	88	76,559	10.91	3,359	15.81	5.45
Pacific Ocean Areas	415,948	5.13	34,271	4.99	82	48,615	6.93	1,947	9.16	5.68
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	119,235	1.47	2,169	.32	18	2,728	.39	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	1,813	.02	47	.00	26	0	0	0	0	0
	31 January 1945
Worldwide	8,070,929	100.00	667,188	100.00	83	683,338	100.00	20,410	100.00	3.06
Overseas	5,122,748	63.47	429,823	64.42	84	481,092	70.40	14,150	69.33	3.29
En route	81,402	1.01	5,020	.75	62	7,419	1.09	140	.69	2.79
Foreign	5,041,346	62.46	424,803	63.67	84	473,673	69.32	14,010	68.64	3.30
North America	19,085	.24	1,108	.17	58	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	47,685	.59	2,652	.40	56	4,410	.65	100	.49	3.77
Caribbean	70,231	.87	3,828	.57	55	3,571	.52	28	.14	.73
South Atlantic	2,653	.03	369	.06	139	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	2,829,039	35.05	255,599	38.31	90	231,249	33.84	5,739	28.12	2.25
North Africa	507,668	6.29	38,539	5.78	76	70,996	10.39	1,982	9.71	5.14
Africa-Middle East	9,330	.12	1,147	.17	123	720	.11	91	.45	7.93
Persian Gulf	26,082	.32	1,958	.29	75	2,721	.40	25	.12	1.28
China- Burma-India	187,256	2.32	18,095	2.71	97	23,380	3.42	715	3.50	3.95
Total Pacific areas	1,170,251	14.50	97,678	14.64	83	133,700	19.56	5,330	26.11	5.46
Southwest Pacific Area	749,454	9.29	62,662	9.39	84	81,261	11.89	3,444	16.87	5.50
Pacific Ocean Areas	420,797	5.21	35,016	5.25	83	52,439	7.67	1,886	9.24	5.39
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	165,468	2.05	3,781	.57	23	2,926	.43	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
War Department Groups	6,598	.08	49	0	74	0	0	0	0	0
	30 April 1945
Worldwide	8,248,780	100.00	671,967	100.00	82	700,304	100.00	19,752	100.00	2.94
Overseas	5,455,076	66.13	463,488	68.97	85	511,493	73.04	13,429	67.99	2.90
En route	50,237	.61	3,392	.50	68	6,002	.86	62	.31	1.83
Foreign	5,404,839	65.52	460,096	68.47	85	505,491	72.18	13,367	67.67	2.92
North America	16,935	.20	1,014	.15	60	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	38,806	.47	2,177	.32	56	5,401	.77	118	.60	5.42
Caribbean	67,169	.81	3,706	.55	55	3,895	.56	28	.14	.76
South Atlantic	2,763	.03	372	.06	135	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	3,065,505	37.16	268,798	40.00	88	258,050	36.85	5,482	27.75	2.04
North Africa	493,876	5.99	37,704	5.61	76	68,458	9.78	1,943	9.84	5.15
Africa-Middle East	11,618	.14	1,634	.24	141	799	.11	107	.54	6.55
Persian Gulf	15,793	.19	974	.14	62	1,072	.15	8	.04	.82
China- Burma-India	198,830	2.41	19,819	2.95	100	25,360	3.62	713	3.61	3.60
Total Pacific areas	1,257,098	15.24	105,022	15.63	84	139,450	19.91	4,947	25.04	4.71
Southwest Pacific Area	806,128	9.77	66,416	9.88	82	82,513	11.78	3,161	16.00	4.76
Pacific Ocean Areas	450,970	5.47	38,606	5.75	86	56,937	8.13	1,786	9.04	4.63
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	197,670	2.40	4,688	.70	24	3,006	.43	21	.10	.45
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	25	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	31,609	.38	14,121	2.10	446	0	0	0	0	0
War Department Groups	7,142	.09	67	0	94	0	0	0	0	0
	31 May 1945
Worldwide	8,291,336	100.00	666,710	100.00	80	694,379	100.00	19,693	100.00	2.95
Overseas	5,406,779	65.21	455,068	68.26	84	510,326	73.49	13,426	68.11	2.95
En route	44,373	.54	1,367	.21	31	3,313	.48	62	.31	14.54
Foreign	5,362,406	64.67	453,701	68.05	85	507,013	73.02	13,364	67.80	2.95
North America	15,465	.19	872	.13	56	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	38,423	.46	2,008	.30	52	5,357	.77	116	.59	5.78
Caribbean	63,132	.76	3,499	.52	55	3,312	.48	26	.13	.74
South Atlantic	2,789	.03	369	.06	132	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	3,021,483	36.44	264,487	39.67	88	254,154	36.60	5,354	27.19	2.02
North Africa	445,373	5.37	34,729	5.21	78	64,807	9.33	1,858	9.43	5.35
Africa-Middle East	12,255	.15	1,565	.23	128	675	.10	92	.47	5.88
Persian Gulf	16,063	.19	975	.15	61	1,059	.15	10	0	1.03
China- Burma-India	199,035	2.40	20,025	3.00	100	25,217	3.63	652	3.31	3.26
Total Pacific areas	1,296,005	15.63	106,270	15.94	82	148,711	21.42	5,233	25.57	4.92
Southwest Pacific Area	840,171	10.13	69,276	10.39	82	86,259	12.42	3,408	17.31	4.92
Pacific Ocean Areas	455,834	5.50	36,994	5.55	81	62,452	8.99	1,825	9.26	4.93
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	212,909	2.57	4,766	.71	22	3,714	.53	21	.11	.44
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	27	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	31,939	.39	14,057	2.11	440	7	0	2	0	.01
War Department Groups	7,508	.09	79	.01	11	0	0	0	0	0
	30 June 1945
Worldwide	8,266,373	100.00	663,898	100.00	80	694,818	100.00	19,674	100.00	2.96
Overseas	5,239,722	63.38	443,696	66.83	85	510,376	73.45	12,803	65.08	2.89
En route	81,588	.99	5,301	.80	65	12,395	1.78	72	.37	1.36
Foreign	5,158,134	62.40	438,395	66.03	85	497,981	71.67	12,731	64.71	2.90
North America	12,211	.15	776	.12	64	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	37,923	.46	1,935	.29	51	5,247	.76	116	.59	5.99
Caribbean	64,343	.78	3,525	.53	55	3,580	.52	26	.13	.74
South Atlantic	2,816	.03	369	.06	131	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	2,811,820	34.02	250,280	37.70	89	242,412	34.89	4,712	23.95	1.88
North Africa	404,242	4.89	33,196	5.00	82	61,957	8.92	1,798	9.14	5.42
Africa- Middle East	11,352	.14	1,385	.21	122	807	.12	84	.43	6.06
Persian Gulf	13,547	.16	698	.11	52	167	.02	1	0	.14
China- Burma-India	194,558	2.35	19,424	2.93	100	23,369	3.36	573	2.91	2.95
Total Pacific areas	1,328,114	16.07	107,181	16.14	81	156,376	22.51	5,400	27.45	5.04
Southwest Pacific Area	866,214	10.48	69,665	10.49	80	89,587	12.89	3,692	18.77	5.30
Pacific Ocean Areas	461,900	5.59	37,516	5.65	81	66,789	9.61	1,708	8.68	4.55
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	237,386	2.87	5,345	.81	23	4,066	.59	21	.11	.39
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	29	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	32,694	.40	14,202	2.14	434	0	0	0	0	0
War Department Groups	7,099	.09	79	.01	11	0	0	0	0	0
	31 July 1945
Worldwide	8,186,444	100.00	659,853	100.00	81	702,758	100.00	19,995	100.00	3.03
Overseas	4,922,309	60.13	423,120	64.12	86	505,279	71.90	13,028	65.16	3.07
En route	59,746	.73	4,260	.64	71	5,619	.80	206	1.03	4.84
Foreign	4,862,563	59.40	418,860	63.48	86	499,660	71.10	12,822	64.13	3.06
North America	9,952	.12	630	.10	63	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	39,022	.48	1,959	.30	50	4,780	.68	112	.56	5.72
Caribbean	66,873	.82	3,479	.53	52	3,431	.49	28	.14	.80
South Atlantic	2,753	.03	394	.06	143	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	2,509,719	30.66	230,058	34.87	92	229,050	32.59	4,730	23.66	2.06
North Africa	351,761	4.30	29,866	4.53	85	55,927	7.96	1,583	7.92	5.30
Africa-Middle East	11,086	.14	1,336	.20	121	770	.11	85	.43	6.36
Persian Gulf	9,173	.11	496	.08	54	134	.02	0	0	0
China- Burma-India	189,223	2.31	18,678	2.83	99	23,778	3.38	575	2.88	3.08
Total Pacific areas	1,389,010	16.97	112,725	17.08	81	178,062	25.34	5,687	28.44	5.05
Southwest Pacific Area	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Pacific Ocean Areas	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	242,363	2.96	5,725	.87	24	3,728	.53	22	.11	.38
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	28	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	34,519	.42	13,441	2.04	389	0	0	0	0	0
War Department Groups	7,081	.09	73	.01	10	0	0	0	0	0
	31 August 1945
Worldwide	8,023,304	100.00	637,684	100.00	79	695,264	100.00	20,285	100.00	3.18
Overseas	4,623,365	57.62	377,072	59.14	82	475,950	68.46	12,702	62.62	3.37
En route	134,054	1.67	5,444	.85	41	6,879	.99	150	.74	2.76
Foreign	4,489,311	55.95	371,628	58.28	83	469,071	67.47	12,552	61.88	3.38
North America	7,440	.09	450	.07	60	0	0	0	0	0
Alaska	37,785	.47	1,896	.30	50	4,726	.68	106	.52	5.59
Caribbean	63,992	.80	3,592	.56	56	2,763	.40	27	.13	.75
South Atlantic	2,866	.04	398	.06	139	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	2,164,161	26.97	188,488	29.56	87	181,620	26.12	4,131	20.36	2.19
North Africa	244,656	3.05	20,456	3.21	84	43,747	6.29	1,301	6.41	6.36
Africa-Middle East	11,103	.14	1,291	.20	116	585	.08	74	.36	5.73
Persian Gulf	6,922	.09	395	.06	57	80	.01	0	0	0
China- Burma-India	195,840	2.44	19,642	3.08	100	23,892	3.44	552	2.72	2.81
Total Pacific areas	1,458,911	18.18	116,208	18.22	80	206,512	29.70	6,330	31.21	5.45
Southwest Pacific Area	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Pacific Ocean Areas	---	---	---	--	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	253,949	3.17	5,805	.91	23	5,146	.74	31	.15	5.34
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	23	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	34,991	.44	12,939	2.03	369	0	0	0	0	0
War Department Groups	6,672	.08	68	0	10	0	0	0	0	0
	30 September 1945
Worldwide	7,564,514	100.00	593,644	10.00	79	653,563	100.00	19,328	100.00	3.26
Overseas	4,158,810	54.98	331,261	55.80	80	417,947	63.95	11,411	59.04	3.44
En route	44,456	.59	2,205	.37	50	2,343	.36	147	.76	6.67
Foreign	4,114,354	54.39	329,056	55.43	80	415,605	63.59	11,264	58.28	3.42
North America	4,869	.06	335	.06	69	2	0	0	0	0
Alaska	36,345	.48	1,825	.31	50	4,774	.73	104	.54	5.70
Caribbean	62,580	.83	3,491	.59	56	2,763	.42	27	.14	.77
South Atlantic	1,748	.02	233	.04	133	0	0	0	0	0
Europe	1,790,817	23.67	152,700	25.72	86	137,428	21.03	3,783	19.57	2.48
North Africa	189,994	2.51	15,967	2.69	84	36,047	5.52	1,009	5.22	6.32
Africa-Middle East	10,734	.14	1,266	.21	118	591	.09	74	.38	5.85
Persian Gulf	6,922	.09	395	.07	57	80	.01	0	0	0
China- Burma-India	181,338	2.40	16,865	2.84	93	21,874	3.35	350	1.81	2.08
Total Pacific areas	1,552,303	20.52	120,300	20.26	77	206,477	31.59	5,917	30.61	4.92
Southwest Pacific Area	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Pacific Ocean Areas	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Commanding General, Army Air Forces	240,613	3.18	5,340	.90	22	5,540	.85	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Ground Forces	20	.00	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commanding General, Army Service Forces	29,641	.39	10,280	1.73	346	29	0	0	0	0
War Department Groups	6,430	.09	59	.00	9	0	0	0	0	0

¹For a statement of the territory within the areas shown, see appendix to this table.
²For all dates other than 31 March 1942, area strengths are from "Monthly Foreign Strength of the Army by Command," in "Strength of the Army," 1 Oct. 1945, pp. 62-63, except for Southwest Pacific and Pacific Ocean Areas, which are from "Strength of the Army" for dates shown or dates approximate thereto. This accounts for such failure of the strength of these two areas to equal total Pacific strength as occurs. Strength on 31 March 1942 for the Pacific (including both areas) from "Areas of Strategic Responsibility and U.S. Army Overseas Deployment, 2 April 1942"-in Matloff, Maurice, and Snell, Edwin M.: The War Department: Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare. 1941-1942. United States Army in World War II: Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953. For other areas on the same date from "Strength of the Army" or strength returns (Strength Returns by Grade, WD AGO Form No. 323) from departments and bases for the same date (records of AGO Statistical and Control Branch). These have been used because of double counting of certain personnel and other errors in data for 31 March 1942 shown in the time series mentioned. Worldwide strength from "Monthly Strength of the Army Continental United States" and "Monthly Foreign Strength of the Army Foreign and In Route" in "Strength of the Army," 1 Oct. 1945, except for 31 March 1942 which has been corrected in accordance with the changes made with respect to oversea areas. (The strength on the same date as reported in "Strength of the Army," 1 Jan. 1947 was 2,387,746.)
³Worldwide strength for 31 July 1941 based on data of The Adjutant General`s Office supplied by the Army Comptroller`s Office, January 1956; based on table for 30 November 1941-30 September 1945, from table 1. Data for China-Burma-India for March 1942 represent the troop and Medical Department strength of the 7th Bombardment Group and the 51st Fighter Group, Army Air Forces, which arrived in Karachi on 12 March 1942; all other area strengths prior to October 1943 as well as, partly, for April 1944 from strength returns (Strength Returns by Grade, WD AGO Form No. 323, 1 July 1941, No. 323, 1 Nov. 1941, and No. 323A, 1 Jan. 1943) from departments and bases (records of the AGO Statistical and Control Branch) for corresponding dates; for October 1943-September 1945, except as noted, from "Strength of the Army." Since, in virtually all instances, the oversea strengths shown are those used by the Office of The Adjutant General in compiling its worldwide figures, the differences between the worldwide strengths of the Medical Department as stated by the Office of The Surgeon General and The Adjutant General`s Office (table 1) are attributed almost exclusively to the Zone of Interior. This is justified by the fact that the variation between the two sets of figures arose primarily through differences in methods of recording movement in and out of the Army, a process which mainly affected the continental United States. It should be noted, nevertheless, that the medical strengths credited to the oversea areas by the Office of The Adjutant General rarely agreed with the strengths as stated by the oversea Medical Department authorities, who charged that the War Department was wont to credit them with a strength greater than that which they actually possessed. (Unrecorded interview, Medical Department historian with Ralph Casteel, Veterans` Administration, April 1953.)
⁴Worldwide strength for 31 July and 30 November 1941 from "Strength of the Army" for corresponding dates. Strengths for other dates from "Monthly Negro Strength of the Army," "Strength of the Army," 1 Jan. 1945, p. 47; and "Quarterly and Monthly Negro Strength of the Army," "Strength of the Army," 1 Jan. 1946. Area strengths from "Strength of the Army" and other sources of area strength shown in footnote 3.
⁵From sources of area strengths shown in footnote 3.

366

APPENDIX TO TABLE 31

From the geographic point of view, the data in this table are organized for the most part in accordance with the scheme used in the time series entitled "Monthly Foreign Strength of the Army by Command," in "Strength of the Army," 1 Oct. 1945, pp. 62-63. This time series purports to show the troop strength of each major geographic command, except the China and India-Burma theaters, existing at that time from a date which, in a number of cases, is as early as July 1941. This disregards the fact that some of the commands listed were not even in existence at certain periods in which a strength is attributed to them; in other words, the strength shown, with some exceptions, is that of the area later covered by the command in question. The Persian Gulf Command, although it was once part of the Middle East theater is always treated separately, and the strength of the Africa-Middle East theater is correspondingly reduced for the period when the Persian Gulf was within its jurisdiction. Similarly, Iceland is credited to the Eastern Service Command for all dates despite the fact that for a time it was in the European Theater of Operations. However, China and India-Burma, although separate commands at the time of publication of the time series, nevertheless are grouped together therein. Furthermore, the principle of geographic consistency had not been uniformly observed. For example, contrary to the practice adopted in the case of Iceland, southern France, although credited to the Mediterranean theater for the period prior to 1 November 1944, is subsequently allotted to the European theater. Similarly, North Africa is attributed to the North African-Mediterranean theater before 1 March 1945 and, thereafter, to the Africa-Middle East theater.

To the categories as established in the time series, a breakdown of the Pacific into Southwest Pacific Area and Pacific Ocean Areas has been added to take account of the fact that throughout almost the entire period covered, the Pacific area was divided among more than one command. As used in this and other tables, the Southwest Pacific Area includes the Philippines before the entrance of the United States into the war as well as the territory subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East subsequent to that event. The Pacific Ocean Areas include all commands of the Pacific independent of the Southwest Pacific Area. Under this arrangement, the strength of certain commands subject to the South Pacific command which were transferred to the Southwest Pacific in 1944 is first credited to the Pacific Ocean Areas and subsequently to the Southwest Pacific. In contrast to the handling of the Pacific, personnel in Iceland and areas subject to some commands in the Western Hemisphere have been combined into a North American group which contains, besides elements in the Northwest Service and Eastern Defense Commands not serving in the continental United States, personnel in every part of that hemisphere outside Alaska, the Caribbean, and the South Atlantic. (As used in the tables, the Caribbean comprehends the Antilles, Trinidad, Aruba, British Guiana, Panama, Venezuela, and Peru, and the South Atlantic includes not only Brazil but also Ascension. Both Bermuda and the Bahamas are counted as part of North America.)

In accordance with the time series noted above and other sources used in the preparation of table 40, certain of the personnel stationed in oversea areas are credited in the table to commands existing in the Zone of Interior; that is, the War Department as a whole, the Army Service Forces, the Army Air Forces. The War Department groups, consisting of members of military missions as well as other personnel, are so credited from the earliest date shown. In the case of the Air Forces, on the other hand, the practice was not adopted until May 1944. As a result of the change, some of the figures shown in the table for the for the period beginning with 31 July 1944 are not entirely comparable with corresponding figures for earlier dates. Beginning with that of the change, some of the figures shown in the table for the period beginning with 31 July 1944 are not entirely comparable with corresponding figures for earlier dates. Beginning with that date, the Air Transport Command and a much smaller group of other personnel are charged to the Commanding General, Army Air Forces; whereas, at earlier dates, they are included in the strength of the areas where they were stationed. Their subtraction from the strength of these areas increases the medical troop ratios of each area, since Air Forces troops contained a lower proportion of medical troops than did the Army in general (see table 39). While the change has only a negligible effect on the rates of large theaters, it results in marked alterations of the rates of small theaters such as the South Atlantic and Africa-Middle East where the number of troops lost sometimes exceeds those that remain. Much can be done to restore the comparability of the data by adding for each date after April 1944 shown above the strength of the Air Transport Command in each area to the Army strength for that area. This has been done in the table entitled "Adjusted Medical Department Strength in Individual Oversea Areas" below, and the result is there referred to as "Adjusted Strength-Total." To compute a medical ratio for

367

this adjusted strength-total, the medical strength of each area as reported above also must be increased by the amount of medical personnel among the Air Transport Command troops. This in most cases is unknown. For the sake of adjustment, however, it has been assumed that it is the same proportion of the Air Transport Command strength as the medical strength under the Commanding General, Army Air Forces shown in the table above for the particular date is of the entire oversea personnel under his command. Considerable justification for this procedure exists in the fact that the Air Transport Command constituted a very substantial proportion of this strength. Although the proportion declined, the rate did not change materially. The percentages of the total strength held by the Air Transport Command were as follows:

1944:
July	62
October	60
1945:
January	52
April	46
May	47
June	48
July	47
August	40
September	41

Based on data from "Strength of the Army" for relevant dates.

It is of course entirely arbitrary to assume that the ratio of medical personnel to Air Transport Command strength was the same in every area, but the fact that these rates were generally low reduces the amount of influence that errors arising as a result of the procedure followed may have on the adjusted rates shown below. Nevertheless, neither these rates nor the medical strengths on which they are based can be assumed to be more than approximations to the true ones. For example, the medical strength of the Air Transport Command in the South Atlantic on 31 August 1945 is known to have been 191, whereas the figure reached by the procedure described here is 140. The medical strength ratio of the area, using the figure 191, therefore is 66 per 1,000 troops rather than 60 per 1,000 as shown below. On 31 March 1945, the medical strength of the Air Transport Command in the same theater was 72 per 1,000, and if the same total existed on 30 April 1945, the strength ratio on that date was 88 per 1,000; the figure stated below is 84 per 1,000. (For the medical strength of the Air Transport Command in the South Atlantic see Medical History World War II, U.S. Army Forces, South Atlantic, p. 56. [official record.])

Personnel outside the Zone of Interior who were under the direct jurisdiction of the Commanding General of the Army Service Forces or the Army Ground Forces are reported separately beginning in April 1945. In the case of the former, at least, the personnel so reported were not hitherto reported as part of the strength of any oversea area. They consisted of the personnel operating hospital ships and troop transports navigating between oversea areas and the Zone of Interior. As may be seen, medical personnel constituted a very substantial proportion of this group. In order to make the oversea strength of the Army and the Medical Department for the period after March 1945 comparable with the strength prior to that time, the following adjustments of the percentages of each group overseas are necessary:

Date	Army	Medical Department
30 Apr. 1945	65.75	66.87
31 May 1945	64.82	66.15
30 June 1945	62.99	64.69
31 July 1945	59.71	62.09
31 Aug. 1945	57.19	57.10
30 Sept. 1945	54.59	54.07

368-370

Appendix to Table 31-Continued

Adjusted Medical Department strength in individual oversea areas, 31 July 1944-30 September 1945

371

Distribution by Corps and Groups

Overall percentage statistics for Medical Department personnel serving overseas in nowise give a true picture of Medical Department activities overseas inasmuch as percentages varied widely among corps and between officers and enlisted men (charts 5, 6, and 7, and tables 31 and 32). For example, enlisted men constituted more than 80 percent of the strength of the medical service overseas (table 5); whereas, the maximum percentage of Medical Department officers stationed overseas at any time was only about 56 percent, in January and April 1945, making the percentage of the entire Medical Department approximately 58 percent (April 1945). And in the officer corps, the percentage of medical officers and nurses was considerably higher than that of Medical Department officers as a whole, being 60.8 percent in the case of medical officers (April 1945) and 63.3 percent in case of nurses (January 1945). The corresponding percentage of the Medical Administrative Corps was about equal to that of the entire officer group, but in all the remaining officer components, the percentage was lower. In the Dental Corps, the maximum was 48.3 percent reached in May 1945, a percentage that reflected both an actual increase in the number of dentists overseas and a decline in their worldwide strength (tables 1 and 32). As for the Veterinary Corps, its oversea strength failed to reach 35 percent.

CHART 5.-Percent of total Army and Medical Department strength, in oversea areas, on selected dates, 1941-45

372

CHART 6.-Percent of total Army strength and Medical Department officers, by corps (Medical, Dental, Veterinary, and Medical Administrative), in oversea areas, on selected dates, 1941-45

CHART 7.-Percent of total Army strength and Medical Department officers, by corps (Sanitary and Army Nurse), and Hospital Dietitians and Physical Therapists, in oversea areas, on selected dates, 1941-45

373-379

TABLE 32.-Oversea strength of the Medical Department corps and other officer components, 31 July 1941-30 September 1945

Date	Strength¹	Percent of worldwide corps strength²	Rate per 1,000 troops³
	Medical Corps
1941
31 July	521	---	3.84
30 November	779	6.9	4.72
1942
31 March	1,804	14.5	5.50
30 June	3,611	20.1	6.00
30 September	4,945	15.8	6.01
1943
31 January	7,462	20.6	6.66
30 April	9,424	25.6	6.73
31 July	11,068	28.3	6.22
31 October	13,209	32.9	5.90
1944
31 January	16,631	39.7	5.91
30 April	20,393	47.0	5.74
31 July	22,648	51.4	5.53
31 October	24,835	54.1	5.36
1945
31 January	26,456	56.3	5.16
30 April	28,457	60.8	5.22
31 May	27,639	50.0	5.11
30 June	26,849	57.6	5.12
31 July	24,790	51.6	5.04
31 August	21,755	46.3	4.71
30 September	19,135	42.5	4.60
	Dental Corps
1941
31 July	135	---	0.99
30 November	175	5.6	1.06
1942
31 March	286	8.3	.87
30 June	535	11.2	.89
30 September	798	9.5	.97
1943
31 January	1,273	12.8	1.14
30 April	1,642	15.3	1.17
31 July	1,910	15.0	1.07
31 October	2,556	18.5	1.14
1944
31 January	3,301	23.3	1.17
30 April	4,167	28.2	1.17
31 July	4,858	32.5	1.19
31 October	5,577	36.8	1.20
1945
31 January	6,264	42.0	1.22
30 April	7,080	48.0	1.30
31 May	7,103	48.3	1.31
30 June	6,919	46.8	1.32
31 July	6,576	45.9	1.34
31 August	6,190	43.9	1.34
30 September	5,334	38.8	1.28
	Veterinary Corps
1941
31 July	38	---	0.30
30 November	37	5.3	.22
1942
31 March	45	5.6	.14
30 June	64	6.7	.11
30 September	97	6.9	.12
1943
31 January	152	9.7	.14
30 April	250	14.3	.18
31 July	298	16.0	.18
31 October	338	17.2	.15
1944
31 January	471	24.1	.17
30 April	542	26.9	.15
31 July	594	28.7	.15
31 October	602	30.2	.13
1945
31 January	675	33.0	.12
30 April	707	34.7	.12
31 May	705	34.4	.13
30 June	693	34.0	.13
31 July	657	32.0	.13
31 August	629	30.4	.14
30 September	594	29.1	.14
	Sanitary Corps
1941
31 July	2	---	0.01
30 November	8	3.0	.05
1942
31 March	11	3.5	.03
30 June	25	3.9	.04
30 September	47	4.8	.06
1943
31 January	79	6.4	.07
30 April	167	10.7	.12
31 July	263	14.0	.15
31 October	394	18.7	.18
1944
31 January	538	23.9	.19
30 April	718	31.4	.20
31 July	1,080	42.9	.26
31 October	1,071	43.8	.23
1945
31 January	1,233	49.2	0.24
30 April	1,321	51.6	.24
31 May	1,288	50.3	.24
30 June	1,272	50.0	.24
31 July	1,253	49.7	.25
31 August	1,163	46.7	.25
30 September	1,039	43.4	.25
	Medical Administrative Corps
1941
31 July	43	---	0.32
30 November	64	5.1	.39
1942
31 March	129	7.4	.39
30 June	403	18.4	.67
30 September	590	16.2	.72
1943
31 January	1,037	13.8	.93
30 April	1,539	15.0	1.10
31 July	2,003	15.9	1.13
31 October	2,921	21.1	1.30
1944
31 January	3,746	24.9	1.33
30 April	4,980	33.4	1.40
31 July	6,296	41.8	1.54
31 October	7,782	50.2	1.68
1945
31 January	9,250	51.5	1.81
30 April	10,768	56.5	1.97
31 May	10,936	56.4	2.02
30 June	10,828	55.3	2.07
31 July	10,426	52.5	2.12
31 August	9,708	48.9	2.10
30 September	8,692	44.4	2.09
	Pharmacy Corps
1941
31 July	---	---	---
30 November	---	---	---
1942
31 March	---	---	---
30 June	---	---	---
30 September	---	---	---
1943
31 January	---	---	---
30 April	---	---	---
31 July	---	---	---
31 October	4	6.9	0.001
1944
31 January	6	10.3	.002
30 April	9	15.5	.002
31 July	6	10.7	.001
31 October	10	16.7	.002
1945
31 January	16	23.9	.003
30 April	25	35.7	.004
31 May	21	35.0	.003
30 June	22	37.9	.004
31 July	23	40.4	.004
31 August	22	32.4	.004
30 September	21	34.4	.005
	Army Nurse Corps
1941
31 July	236	---	1.74
30 November	349	5.1	2.11
1942
31 March	1,306	10.2	3.98
30 June	2,880	16.7	4.79
30 September	3,803	19.0	4.62
1943
31 January	5,778	24.5	5.16
30 April	7,647	27.7	5.46
31 July	9,649	31.4	5.42
31 October	13,203	37.0	5.90
1944
31 January	16,958	44.3	6.02
30 April	20,958	51.1	5.90
31 July	22,735	56.8	5.55
31 October	25,433	61.5	5.49
1945
31 January	27,170	63.3	5.30
30 April	28,546	54.9	5.23
31 May	28,842	53.3	5.33
30 June	27,966	51.5	5.34
31 July	28,127	50.5	5.71
31 August	25,499	45.6	5.52
30 September	22,445	42.4	5.40
	Hospital Dietitians
1941
31 July	---	---	---
30 November	---	---	---
1942
31 March	---	---	---
30 June	---	---	---
30 September	---	---	---
1943
31 January	---	---	---
30 April	64	11.2	0.05
31 July	117	15.9	.07
31 October	185	19.2	.08
1944
31 January	326	29.6	0.12
30 April	432	36.2	.12
31 July	552	43.0	.13
31 October	631	44.9	.14
1945
31 January	680	46.3	.13
30 April	749	49.3	.14
31 May	757	48.8	.14
30 June	782	50.3	.15
31 July	698	44.2	.14
31 August	628	39.7	.14
30 September	538	34.3	.13
	Physical Therapists
1941
31 July	---	---	---
30 November	---	---	---
1942
31 March	---	---	---
31 June	---	---	---
30 September	---	---	---
1943
31 January	---	---	---
30 April	48	15.3	0.03
31 July	93	21.5	.05
31 October	145	29.2	.06
1944
31 January	241	43.1	.09
30 April	300	46.6	.08
31 July	371	47.4	.09
31 October	468	50.6	.10
1945
31 January	512	47.4	0.10
30 April	539	46.4	.10
31 May	546	45.9	.10
30 June	521	43.7	.10
31 July	514	40.2	.10
31 August	431	32.9	.09
30 September	414	32.4	.10

¹From sources for oversea data shown in table 31, footnote 3. Revised oversea strength data for nurses published by the Office of The Adjutant General ("Monthly Strength of the Army Foreign and En Route," Strength of the Army, 1 Oct. 1945, p. 59) show the following variations from corresponding strengths stated here: July 1941, 253; November 1941, 463; March 1942, 2,689; June 1942, 4,406; and July 1944, 22,807. Since the same source reveals a decline between June 1942 and July 1942 to 2,608 and a failure to equal the June figure until 30 November 1942, at least some of these figures may be regarded with considerable skepticism.
²Worldwide corps strength on 31 July 1941 from "Strength of the Army"; available for nurses only. Worldwide strength for subsequent dates is strength stated in table 1.
³For troop strength, see table 31.

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A major factor in the variation of oversea strength was the changing of requirements, both in the Zone of Interior and overseas, as the war progressed. During the middle part of the war, specifically, much of 1943, the proportion of Medical Department officers overseas was higher than the proportion of the Department strength as a whole. Toward the end of the conflict, when large numbers of battle casualties began to be concentrated in the Zone of Interior, this situation was reversed. This was particularly true after V-E Day as the numbers of bed patients overseas decreased rapidly.

In addition, the Zone of Interior was responsible for the final, definitive type of treatment for many patients which required highly trained professional personnel and for rendering the new inductees physically fit for military duty. Since the Zone of Interior was the source of most of the manpower supply, it presumably had more control over distribution, particularly the movement of Medical Department officers abroad. When the dental standards were lowered after Pearl Harbor, a higher proportion of its personnel was retained in the Zone of Interior.¹ (See tables 1 and 32.)

The inspection activities pertinent to food procurement also were largely confined to the continental United States, this area being the major source of food for the Army. Although more animals were used overseas than in the Zone of Interior for transporting supplies, the theaters did not require enough veterinary officers for animal care to counterbalance the domestic need for these same officers in food inspection work.² As a result, the oversea contingent of the Veterinary Corps, proportionately speaking, was smaller than that of any other Medical Department group.

The extent to which various elements could be sent overseas also was controlled to some degree by the number of replacements available. In the case of enlisted personnel, civilians, prisoners of war, and other military personnel could release many for oversea assignments. However, uncertainties in the supply of local extra-Army labor made it impossible to withhold shipments of enlisted men to the oversea areas to the extent that the actual use of substitute labor might have permitted. Furthermore, it is unlikely that savings in enlisted men would have redounded very much to the benefit of the Zone of Interior medical service; the men probably would have been transferred to other branches of the Army.

Civilian registered nurses, cadet nurses, nurses` aides, members of the Women`s Army Corps, and enlisted personnel made possible the oversea shipments of nurses to care for the rapidly increasing number of bed patients. The availability of Medical Administrative Corps officers as battalion surgeon`s assistants and executive officers for certain types of medical units and installa-

¹Foster, William B.: History of the Medical Department, World War II, Physical Standards, 1946. [Official record.]
²Information from Lt. Col. E. B. Miller, VC, 22 Dec. 1953.

381

tions may explain similar phenomena in the Medical Corps.³ Medical Administrative Corps members, on the other hand, also were in demand in oversea areas, and when the Zone of Interior was unable to supply these areas with such officers late in the war, direct commissioning overseas proved to be one solution.

The groups which remained most closely bound to the Zone of Interior were those for which replacements probably were most difficult to find. This is perhaps especially true in the case of dentists and sanitary engineers. Yet, this is not the sole explanation for their failure to move abroad to a greater extent. The feasibility of utilizing female personnel in certain oversea areas was seriously questioned at times.⁴ In the European and North African theaters, nurses habitually moved with their units into forward areas. In certain others, however, the theater commanders were reluctant to permit women either in combat areas or in those wherein material comforts were few. Such opposition does not seem to have reduced the percentage of nurses overseas to a marked degree, for even if they did not accompany their units into the more forward positions, they generally were permitted to enter the theaters.

In the case of physical therapists and dietitians, the difficulties of getting overseas were greater. They were assigned mainly to rear areas (that is, in general and station hospitals and, in the case of dietitians, a few evacuation hospitals). Again, the utilization of this personnel overseas was questioned at times.

The buildup overseas of Sanitary Corps officers was slow in some theaters due to lack of appreciation of the need for men of their skills.⁵ About 60 percent of the entomologists and 50 percent of the sanitary engineers served in oversea theaters at sometime during the war.⁶

The inability of the Zone of Interior authorities to furnish medical officers in sufficient numbers forced table-of-organization changes which were mainly responsible for the increasing use of Medical Administrative Corps officers overseas during the course of the war.⁷ Although some opposition to such use

³The proportion of medical officers to troops in oversea areas began to exceed the corresponding worldwide ratio when Medical Administrative Corps officers emerged in great numbers from the officer candidate schools.⁴(1) Vogel, Emma E.: Physical Therapists of the Medical Department, United States Army. [Official record.] (2) Medical Department Dietitians, Middle Pacific and Pacific Ocean Areas. [Official record.] (3) Physical Therapy History of Pacific Ocean Areas and Middle Pacific. [Official record.] (4) Berger, Florence M.: History of the Medical Department Dietetics Service in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, 1942-45. [Official record.] (5) Stone, James H.: History of the Army Nurses, Physical Therapists, and Hospital Dietitians in India and Burma. [Official record.] (6) Letters, Col. Emma E. Vogel, USA (Ret.) to Col. John B. Coates, Jr., MC, Director, Historical Unit, U.S. Army Medical Service, 28 Mar. 1956, and November 1957.⁵(1) Annual Report, Surgeon, 1st Infantry Division, 1944. (2) Hardenbergh, William A.: Water Purification. In Medical Department, United States Army. Preventive Medicine in World War II. Volume II. Environmental Hygiene. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955.
⁶Hardenbergh, W. A.: Organization and Administration of Sanitary Engineering Division. [Official record.] (This may indicate a greater appreciation of the need for Sanitary Corps men in malaria control than in other phases of Medical Department work.)
⁷Letter, Col. David E. Liston, to Col. John B. Coates, Jr., MC, Director, Historical Unit, U.S. Army Medical Service, 5 Jan. 1956.

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was encountered, the employment of members of this corps in many positions, including that of battalion surgeon`s assistant, gained widespread approbation in oversea areas.⁸ Indeed, the Fifth U.S. Army surgeon was instrumental in having the use of Medical Administrative Corps officers as battalion surgeon`s assistants extended to infantry regimental medical detachments and to medical detachments of tank battalions, rather than confining the use of these officers to units less exposed to battle losses.⁹ The fact that commanders overseas were able to promote enlisted men to commissioned status in the corps also tended to increase the number of such officers overseas.

In the final analysis, therefore, it would appear that the strength overseas of these groups was largely limited by their basic overall numbers and by the fixed requirements in the Zone of Interior. The nonacceptance of certain groups, such as female personnel, was in all probability only a minor contributing factor to the size of the oversea shipments.

Regional Strength Overseas

By and large, Medical Department personnel were assigned overseas in the same proportion as Army personnel in general (table 31). In fact, the difference between the percentages of the total Army strength and the total Medical Department strength in an area rarely equaled 4 points and ordinarily was no more than 1 point. The largest concentration of Medical Department strength outside the continental United States existed in the great combat theaters-the North African-Mediterranean theater, the Central and South Pacific or Pacific Ocean Areas, the Southwest Pacific, and, above all, the European theater. Each of these major combat theaters had at least 5 percent of the entire Medical Department strength; in the case of the European theater, it was 40 percent. The China-Burma-India theater obtained no more than 3.08 percent, and no other region attained more than 2 percent. This was true even though that area as well as Alaska and the Africa-Middle East region had some combat history.

Respecting the relation of Medical Department strength to total troop strength, the pattern among the oversea areas was much less simple. Three small theaters, all in the Western Hemisphere-North America, Alaska, and the Caribbean-were consistently fairly low in the proportion of medical

⁸(1) Report, Lt. Col. Stewart F. Alexander, Personnel Officer, Surgeon`s Office, Seventh U.S. Army, of Medical Department Activities in Mediterranean Theater of Operations, 14 July 1945. (2) See footnote 5(1), p. 381. (3) Annual Report, Surgeon, 44th Infantry Division, 1944. (4) Semiannual Report, 515th Clearing Company, January-June 1945. (5) Unfavorable reactions are contained in (a) Letter, Brig. Gen. F. A. Blesse, Surgeon, North African Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, to Maj. Gen. N. T. Kirk, The Surgeon General, 17 Nov. 1943; (b) Letter, Maj. Gen. M. C. Stayer, Surgeon, North African Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, to Maj. Gen. N. T. Kirk, The Surgeon General, 3 Sept. 1944; and (c) Annual Report, 54th Medical Battalion, 1944.
⁹Smith, Clarence McKittrick: The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation, Zone of Interior. United States Army in World War II. The Technical Services. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956.

383

personnel. On the other hand, the China-Burma-India region frequently maintained a high percentage during most of 1943, the proportion being far in excess of that characterizing any other area.¹⁰

In 1943 and the first part of 1944, the proportions in two other small theaters, that is, Africa-Middle East and the Persian Gulf, generally were among the higher ones, and in January 1944, the proportion in the former theater was highest among those in all theaters. Even the small South Atlantic theater attained high proportions of medical personnel at times; in mid-1944 it probably had a higher proportion than that of any other region. The major theaters seldom had the highest ratios of medical personnel to troop strength but the Southwest Pacific was an exception to this rule. For most of the earlier war period it held the leadership in this respect. In the earlier part of 1943 the proportion of medical troops in the European theater increased greatly as a result of the shipment of combat forces. This proportion was not long maintained but was approached again as the preparations for the invasion of the Continent were accelerated. After the middle of 1944, the European theater replaced the Southwest Pacific in having the highest ratio of medical personnel to troop strength in a major combat theater. This was the result not only of an increase in the European theater, but also of a decline in that of the Southwest Pacific. The primary reason for the decline in that theater was a shift in jurisdiction over personnel in the Northern Solomons and in Emirau from the South Pacific to the Southwest Pacific.¹¹ The shift involved a much greater proportion of the general troop strength of the South Pacific than of the medical strength of that area.

The North African theater, except in the early stages of the Italian campaign, almost invariably had a lower proportion than the general oversea rate until after hostilities ceased in Europe. The shift of jurisdiction over southern France from the North African to the European theater in November 1944 helped to keep the proportion down, for it involved the transfer of a greater proportion of medical than of nonmedical personnel. On the other hand, the Mediterranean theater gained slightly when it lost control over North Africa to the Africa-Middle East theater as of 1 March 1945.¹² At that time, it gave up proportionately more nonmedical than medical personnel with a resultant sharp decline in the proportion in the theater which acquired the most personnel.

Like the Mediterranean theater, the Pacific Ocean Areas rarely attained a proportion of medical troops which was as high as that maintained by the oversea regions combined. The proportion, however, was considerably greater in 1944 and in 1945 than it had been earlier, this partly resulted from the

¹⁰This percentage rate was in relation to the strength of U.S. troops alone. The American forces also were supporting a large body of Chinese troops.
¹¹Monthly Summary of Operations, June 1944, General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area.
¹²Vickery, Eugene L.: History of the Medical Section, Africa-Middle East Theater, September 1941-September 1945.

384

TABLE 33.-Authorized allotment of Medical Department of officers to oversea areas (less Reserve officers assigned to duty with the Air Corps) for the fiscal year 1942

Area	Medical Corps	Dental Corps	Veterinary Corps	Sanitary Corps	Medical Administrative Corps
Alaska	124	20	2	0	2
Puerto Rico	76	20	4	2	2
Panama	176	37	9	2	6
Hawaii	130	39	6	2	14
Philippines	114	28	12	2	11

Source: Letter, The Adjutant General, War Department, to the Commanding Generals, All Overseas Departments and Alaskan Defense Command, 16 Aug. 1941, subject: Allotment of Officers for Overseas Departments and Alaska, Fiscal Year 1942.

transfer of some of its personnel to the jurisdiction of the Southwest Pacific already noted (table 31).¹³

At no time did anyone in the Zone of Interior or in the oversea areas either attempt to establish a quota for medical officers in the theaters or determine the proper proportion of medical strength to overall troop strength. Prior to Pearl Harbor, officers were assigned overseas by the War Department General Staff or, in the case of Air Corps personnel, by the Chief of the Army Air Corps.¹⁴ Throughout the war, Medical Department officers were assigned to the Panama Canal, Puerto Rican, Hawaiian, and Philippine Departments and the Alaskan Defense Command on much the same basis (table 33), but in the combat theaters, the strength of the Medical Department components was based directly on the number and types of table-of-organization units which in turn determined the overall strength of the theater. Basically, therefore, the medical strength of each theater depended on decisions of the Zone of Interior authorities and the theater commander as to how many units containing medical personnel should be allocated to it. These decisions were largely controlled by the demands of the missions of the armies in the areas and the medical needs created by the local environment in competition with requirements of other areas. To some extent, however, willingness of the War Department to provide units was dependent upon the arguments and powers of persuasion of the theater Medical Department authorities themselves.¹⁵

¹³The unadjusted rate of the Pacific Ocean Areas was 82 per 1,000 on 31 May 1944. (Basic data from "Strength of Foreign Commands by Arms and Services as of 31 May 1944," in "Strength of the Army," 31 May 1944, p. 15.) By 31 July 1944, it had increased to 87.
¹⁴Memorandum, War Department General Staff, G-1, for The Adjutant General, 28 July 1941, subject: Allotment of Officers for Oversea Departments and Alaska, Fiscal Year 1942.
¹⁵These factors are more germane to the volumes on oversea medical service now in preparation in the Historical Unit, U.S. Army Medical Service, than to the present work and will be scarcely more than alluded to here.

385

TABLE 34.-Estimated table-of-organization strength of attached medical personnel and divisional medical battalions in oversea areas, 30 September 1944¹

Area	Total		Ground Forces		Service Forces		Air Forces
Area	Strength	Rate per 1,000 troops	Strength	Rate per 1,000 troops	Strength	Rate per 1,000 troops	Strength	Rate per 1,000 troops
North America	172	5	0	0	55	2	117	3
Alaska	988	15	586	9	238	4	164	2
Caribbean	983	14	763	1	14	0.2	206	3
South Atlantic	15	3	0	0	15	3	0	0
Europe	41,507	20	29,560	14	5,088	2	6,859	3
North Africa	14,274	20	11,351	16	1,572	2	1,351	2
Africa-Middle East	30	2	0	0	0	0	30	2
Persian Gulf	199	7	23	0.8	176	6	0	0
China-Burma-India	2,376	14	669	4	260	2	1,447	8
Southwest Pacific Area	18,558	27	14,906	21	1,447	2	2,205	3
Pacific Ocean Areas	10,554	25	9,343	22	531	1	680	2
Total	89,656	21	67,201	16	9,396	2	13,059	3

¹Data are based on the summaries of various types of units in the theaters on 30 September 1944 shown in "Troop List for Operations and Supply, 1 October 1944." In ascertaining the medical strength, it was not always possible to discover a table-of-organization corresponding to that shown on the list; therefore, another table (prior to 30 September 1944) was used in such cases. This probably resulted in some errors, but it is believed that the errors were on the side of conservatism. Rates are based on adjusted troop strength as shown in table 31.

The theater medical authorities had nothing to say about the nonmedical units having medical troops, that is, attached medical personnel and, in the case of combat divisions, organic medical battalions, as well as the attached medical personnel. Naturally, this element of strength was greatest in the combat zones (table 34), where ground force troops predominated (table 35).¹⁶ At the height of the war, this personnel constituted a quarter of the entire oversea medical strength.

The medical units that were not an organic part of the combat units accounted for the majority of the medical strength in virtually all theaters (table 36). In certain theaters, at times, these units were larger proportionately than all units containing medical personnel in other theaters.

While surgeons at various levels of command had considerable latitude in obtaining Medical Department personnel, they were influenced to a large extent by the requirements for medical service created by the mission of the

¹⁶As of 30 September 1944, in oversea areas, medical troops accounted for 15 per 1,000 Air Forces, 11 per 1,000 Service Forces, and 37 per 1,000 Ground Forces troops. (For the medical strength, see table 34; for the troop strength of the various major commands, see "Troop List for Operations and Supply, 1 Oct. 1945." The troop strengths exclude personnel of the Air Transport Command and other personnel not subject to the jurisdiction of the theater commanders.)

386

TABLE 35.-Percentage distribution of Army strength among ground-, air-, and service-type units and overhead in theaters of operations, 30 September 1944

Area	Air Forces	Ground Forces	Service Forces	Overhead
North America	24	30	24	23
Alaska	22	37	24	18
Caribbean	22	53	14	11
South Atlantic	35	12	16	37
Europe	22	50	22	6
North Africa	25	48	23	5
Middle East	24	11	49	17
Persian Gulf	2	30	63	5
China-Burma-India	45	23	23	9
Southwest Pacific Area	25	52	20	3
Pacific Ocean Areas	15	58	21	6

Source: Troop List for Operations and Supply, 1 Oct. 1944.

Army in each area and the environment of that area. In this connection, the amount of hospital service that the Medical Department was expected to provide in a particular region was of utmost importance. The personnel assigned to hospital establishments constituted the vast bulk of the strength of Medical Department units. This accounted for the high proportion of medical personnel in the South Atlantic and the China-Burma-India areas in the late war period, and for the increase in the proportion in the European theater (table 36).

Hospital strength was influenced in turn by such factors as combat missions, anticipated disease rates, and the presence of special groups for which the Medical Department was required to provide medical care. Hence, it is not difficult to see why most of the American theaters, with low disease rates and limited combat duties or none at all, were consistently low in their total medical strength.¹⁷ The high disease rates in the China-Burma-India area and the obligations of the Medical Department to personnel of the Chinese military forces also explain the high proportion in that region.¹⁸

¹⁷Although Alaska was a combat theater until the middle of 1943, both the preparations for combat in that region and the hospitalization of casualties were handled to a large extent in the Zone of Interior. See McNeil, Gordon H.: History of the Medical Department in Alaska in World War II. [Official record.] In September 1944, nevertheless, Alaska had an unusually large proportion of hospital personnel (table 36).
¹⁸(1) Smith, Robert S.: A History of the Attempt of the U.S. Army Medical Department To Improve the Efficiency of the Chinese Army Medical Service. [Official record.] (2) Medical Department, United States Army. Organization and Administration in World War II. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963.

CHAPTER XI, PART II