Preventive Medicine in World War II
Volume V
Communicable Diseases
Transmitted Through Contact or By Unknown Means
Contents
Chapter
I. Actinomycosis (David T. Smith, M.D.)
II. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (Murray Sanders, M.D.)
Historical Note
Clinical Description
Investigation of the Etiology
Epidemiology
Treatment
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis as a Military Problem
III. Hookworm (Clyde Swartzwelder, Ph. D.)
Historical Note
Incidence of Hookworm Infection in World War II
Summary
V. Leptospirosis (Thomas B. Turner, M.D., and Hugh Tatlock, M.D.)
Part I. General and Leptospiral Jaundice (Weil`s Disease)
Part II. Leptospiral Pretibial Fever (Fort Bragg Fever)
VI. Schistosomiasis (Malcolm S. Ferguson, Ph. D., and Frederik B. Bang, M.D.)
Activities in Zone of Interior
Experience in Oversea Theaters
Conclusions and Summary
Part I. Fungus Infections
General Considerations
Early Concept of the Control of Fungus Infection
Chlorine Disinfection
Changing Concepts
Research Studies
U.S. Navy Studies
Footgear Studies
Fungus Infections in Special Areas
Summary
Part II. Impetigo
Incidence
Treatment
Part III. Scabies
Incidence
Treatment and Research, 1941-45
Civilian-Military Interrelations
Summary
X. Venereal Diseases (Thomas H. Sternberg, M.D., Ernest B. Howard, M.D., Leonard A. Dewey, M.D., and Paul Padget, M.D.)
Part I. Zone of Interior
Significant Policies in Prevention and Control
Organization and Programs, Office of the Surgeon General
Organization and Programs in the Field
Collaboration With Civilian Agencies
Special Programs and Activities
Special Problems of Control Among Negro Troops
Prophylaxis
Part II. Mediterranean (Formerly North African) Theater of Operations
Organization and Administration
Prostitution and Its Control
Prophylaxis
Cooperation With Civil Authorities
Education
Summary
Part III. European Theater of Operations
Basic Concepts of Control
Experience in the United Kingdom
Experience on the Continent
Prevalence and Incidence of the Venereal Diseases
Part IV. Other Oversea Areas and Theaters
U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East
Persian Gulf Command
The Pacific and the Asiatic Mainland
The South Atlantic
Alaska
Part V. Immediate Postwar Period
Concepts of Control
Worldwide Experiences
XI. Yaws (James H. Dwinelle, M.D.)
Historical Note
Experience in World War II
XII. Bullis Fever (Dwight M. Kuhns, M.D., and Capt. Donald L. Learnard, MSC)
Characteristics and Control
Military Experience
Postwar Research
Summary
XIII. Infectious Mononucleosis (Alfred S. Evans, M.D., and John R. Paul, M.D.)
Historical Note
Developments Between World War I and World War II
History of the Disease, 1940-46
XIV. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (Aaron F. Rasmussen, Jr., M.D., and Joseph E. Smadel, M.D.)
Recent Description
Incidence
Etiology of Aseptic Meningitis Not Caused by the Virus of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
XV. Poliomyelitis (Albert B. Sabin, M.D.)
Historical Note
Knowledge of the Disease and Control Measures
Experience During World War II
Summary and Evaluation
XVI. Q Fever (John H. Dingle, M.D., Sc. D.)
Historical Note
Experience in World War II
Summary and Evaluation of the Future Importance of Q Fever
XVII. Viral Hepatitis (John R. Paul, M.D., and Horace T. Gardner, M.D.)
Evolution of Concepts of Hepatitis
Historical Note
The Serum Hepatitis Epidemic of 1942
Importance as a Military Problem
Research by Army Epidemiological Board Commissions
Mediterranean Area and Middle East Theater
European Theater of Operations
Tropical and Subtropical Areas
Summary and Evaluation of Experience
?
APPENDIXES
A. Scabies Instructions, Replacement and Training Command, MTOUSA
B. The Interdepartmental Agreement
C. Public Law 163-77th Congress, Chapter 287 -1st Session, H.R. 2475
D. A Summary of Venereal Disease Statistics During World War II
Illustrations
Figure
1. Actinomycosis, jaw, observed at Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, Calif., in a sergeant who had punctured the floor of his mouth with a weed stem while picking his teeth
2. Patient with lepromatous leprosy
3. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis and the infection of military personnel
4. Warning sign posted by a malaria control detachment
5. Filipinos washing clothing in grassy marsh where molluscan host of S. japonicum, O. quadrasi, was abundant
6. Bridge built by combat engineers over stream whose tributaries drained marshes in which the molluscan host of S. japonicum was plentiful
7. Combat engineers repair bridge over a stream choked with water hyacinth where molluscan host of S. japonicum was plentiful
8. Cartoon dealing with schistosomiasis, used in educational program conducted by the Office of the Surgeon, 81st Infantry Division, for the prevention of schistosome infection
9. Mobile laboratory and lecturer giving a demonstration on the prevention of schistosomiasis before a group of soldiers
10. Photograph of War Department poster prepared at request of Office of the Surgeon General for distribution to Army units in Far East
11. Detachment C, 50th Station Hospital, Ponte a Evola, Italy, 1945
12. Tularemia lesions following tick bite observed in soldier at Army-Navy General Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark
13. U.S. Public Health Service bus clinic demonstrates method used in taking blood specimens
14. Scene from American Social Hygiene Association film, "With These Weapons," produced for war effort
15. President of American Social Hygiene Association confers with the three Surgeons General
16. Poster publicizing Social Hygiene Day, 2 February 1944
17. Participants in Social Hygiene Day meeting in Boston, 1944
21. Soldiers` and Sailors` Room at Union Station, Nashville, Tenn.
22. Use of privacy, persuasiveness, persistence, and visual aids in contact-tracing interview
23. Contact-tracing program results
24. WAAC personnel arrive at Fort Huachuca
26. Old Medina, native section of the city of Casablanca, declared off limits to U.S. Army personnel
27. A market street in Palermo, Sicily
28. Destitute and desperate, many women in Naples turned to the streets
29. Soliciting in Naples
31. Soldiers arrive at a Fifth U.S. Army venereal disease treatment center
32. Soldier seeking diversion and recreation in Naples
33. Comprehensive educational program in venereal disease control, Naples
34. Excellent, well-kept and well-operated prophylactic station at Staging Area No. 1, Naples, Italy, April 1944
35. Civilian examination and treatment clinic in Naples, operated with U.S. Army personnel
38. The American soldier finds Britain to his liking
40. The liberated takes her liberator down a dark street
41. Language difficulties were not insurmountable barriers to the soldier in France
45. Early preparation for the arrival of American troops in Liberia, Africa, mid-1942
46. Typical street scene in Liberian city
47. Liberian girls in dancing costumes and makeup
48. Group of girls in "Bandtown"
49. Girls in a "palaver" hut-community center for the village
50. Sign warning soldiers of venereal disease at Camp Amirabad, Iran, November 1943
51. Interior facilities of a prophylactic station at Andimeshk, Iran
52. Fort and King Streets, Honolulu, Hawaii, February 1945
56. A poor and inadequate prophylactic station in Manila
57. U.S. Navy personnel look for entertainment in Manila
58. Social Hygiene Clinic and Hospital No. 3 in Manila
60. U.S. Army military police patrol brothel area of Karachi, India
61. Photographic miniature poster received in the CBI theater from the Office of the Surgeon General
62. Howrah rest camp for Negro soldiers, Calcutta, India
63. Brothel area declared off limits in K`un-ming, China A. Entrance to the area. B. Quarters of one of the prostitutes.
63a. Brothel area declared off limits in K`un-ming, China. C. A typical brothel.
65. Section of the "line" at Juneau, Alaska
66. Isolated Chilkoot Barracks at Haines, Alaska
67. Postwar photograph of buildings that constituted the "line" at Anchorage, Alaska
68. The old "line" in Juneau, which was cleared away after the creation of Alaskan statehood
69. Dermatology and venereal disease treatment center at Stuttgart, Germany, May 1946
70. So-called "Geisha" girls, ready to lavish their attention on the American occupation soldier
71. High-class Japanese establishment, which was judiciously placed off limits to U.S. Army troops
72. Primary yaws of the heel before treatment and one week after treatment with penicillin
73. Secondary yaws before treatment and one week after treatment with penicillin
74. Secondary yaws (condylomata) before treatment and one week after treatment with penicillin
Tables
Number
1. Extent of neutralization to the virus of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis shown by selected serums
2. Incidence of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis by occupational group
3. Admissions for hookworm infection in the U.S. Army
4. Total cases of leprosy in the U.S. Army
5. Cases of leprosy occurring in the Armed Forces and in veterans, 1 January 1942 to 31 July 1951
6. Cases of leprosy occurring in the Armed Forces and in veterans, 1 January 1942 to 31 July 1951
8. Incidence of schistosomiasis in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
9. Admissions and admission rates for impetigo in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
10. Admissions for scabies in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
11. Admissions for scabies in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1944
12. Results of treatment of 273 patients with scabies
13. Admissions for trachoma in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
14. Cases of tularemia in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
23. Incidence rates for venereal diseases, U.S. Army Air Forces, 1 September 1944 to 29 June 1945
26. Venereal diseases, European theater, Negro and white, February 1944 to June 1945
27. Incidence of venereal disease in the U.S. Army, European theater, by clinical form and year
28. Incidence of syphilis in the U.S. Army, European theater, by month
29. Incidence of gonorrhea in the U.S. Army, European theater, by month
31. Admissions for yaws in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1942-45
32. Comparison of Bullis fever and infectious mononucleosis
33. Transmission of chick-embryo-propagated Bullis fever agent from a febrile case
35. Admission rates for infectious mononucleosis in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1942-46
36. Admissions for infectious mononucleosis, by Army Area in the United States, 1945 and 1946
37. Admissions for lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1943-45
38. Incidence of poliomyelitis in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1920-41
40. Incidence of poliomyelitis in the U.S. Army, by area and year, 1942-45
41. Incidence of poliomyelitis among civilians, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1945-59
43. Incidence of poliomyelitis in the U.S. Army in the Philippines, 1944-46
44. Admissions for cholangitis in the U.S. Army, by year, 1931-41
45. Admissions for and deaths due to hepatitis in the U.S. Army, by area, 1942
46. Admissions for hepatitis in the U.S. Army, 1942-45
54. Infectious hepatitis in the U.S. Army in the China-Burma-India theater, 1942-45
55. Infectious hepatitis in the U.S. Army in Latin America, 1942-45
Appendix Tables
1. Incidence of venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis and area; 1941
2. Incidence of venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis, broad geographic area, and year, 1942-45
3. Incidence of venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis, theater or area, and year, 1942-45
4. Noneffectiveness caused by venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis, 1941
5. Noneffectiveness caused by venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis, 1942
6. Average duration for venereal diseases, with and without cases carded for record only, in the U.S. Army, 1945
7. Venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis, 1944-45
8. Deaths due to venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis and year, 1941?-45
9. Incidence of venereal diseases in the U.S. Army, by diagnosis and race, 1942-44
10. Incidence of gonorrhea in the U.S. Army, 1942
11. Incidence of gonorrhea in the U.S. Army, 1943
12. Admissions for gonorrhea in the U.S. Army, 1944
13. Incidence of syphilis in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1942
14. Incidence of syphilis in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1943
15. Admissions for syphilis in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1944
16. Incidence of chancroid in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1942
17. Incidence of chancroid in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1943
18. Admissions for chancroid in the U.S. Army, by area and month, 1944
Charts
1. Comparative admission rates for scabies, U.S. and British troops in the United Kingdom, 1942-44
2. Human whole blood transmission experiments
3. Reported weekly admissions for jaundice, total U.S. Army, 1 January to 31 December 1942
4. Variation in incubation period of 1,004 cases of serum jaundice following uniform single inoculation with yellow fever vaccine at Camp Polk, La., 27 February 1942
5. Comparison of incubation periods of infectious hepatitis and homologous serum jaundice in a series of experimental cases
6. Monthly incidence rates for infectious hepatitis in British troops in the Middle East
7. Monthly incidence rates for infectious hepatitis among U.S. Army troops in the North African theater
8. Monthly attack rate for infectious hepatitis in troops in the North African and Mediterranean theaters
9. Monthly attack rates for infectious hepatitis in the Fourteenth Army (German), 1944
10. Monthly incidence rates for hepatitis in the European theater
11. Hepatitis cases and incidence rates in the Southwest Pacific Area
12. Monthly incidence rates for infectious hepatitis and for diarrhea and dysentery in China-Burma-India theater
Maps
1. Geographic distribution of Schistosoma japonicum2. Geographic distribution of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni3. General distribution of Amblyomma americanum in the Western Hemisphere
4. Areas of the United States where Amblyomma americanum is known to have been found
