History

STANHOPE BAYNE-JONES, M.D.

Prepared and published under the direction of
Lieutenant General LEONARD D. HEATON
The Surgeon General, United States Army

Editor in Chief
Colonel ROBERT S. ANDERSON, MC, USA

OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1968

Advisory Editorial Board
for the
History of Preventive Medicine
in the
United States Army in World War II

Brigadier General JAMES STEVENS SIMMONS, USA (Deceased)
Chairman, 1948-54
Brigadier General STANHOPE BAYNE-JONES, USAR (Ret.)
Chairman

JOHN E. GORDON, M.D.

PAUL F. RUSSELL, M.D.

WILLIAM A. HARDENBERGH, B.E.

THOMAS B. TURNER, M.D.

ANTHONY J. LANZA, M.D. (Deceased)

DOUGLASS W. WALKER, M.D.

ELLIOTT S. A. ROBINSON, M.D. (Deceased)

Colonel TOM F. WHAYNE, MC, USA (Ret.)

EBBE CURTIS HOFF, Ph.D., M.D., EditorialDirector (ex officio)
Colonel H. E. GRIFFIN, MC, USA (ex officio)
Colonel ROBERT S. ANDERSON, MC, USA (ex officio)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60098

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402-Price $2.50

Contents

PREFACE

I. Introduction

Principles, Objectives, Programs
Army Structure and Government
Medical Department Jurisdictions
State of the Art
Period Covered

II. The Colonial Period (1607-1775)

Predominance of English Sources
European Wars in American Colonies
British and European Military Preventive Medicine
--Sir John Pringle
--James Lind and Scurvy
--Gerhard van Swieten
--Richard Brocklesby
Inoculation Against Smallpox (1721); Cotton Mather and Zabdiel Boylston
Historical Note on Inoculation
Cotton Mather and "The Angel of Bethesda"
Statistical Approach
The Pre-Revolutionary Half Century
Prevalent Diseases
Public Health Activities
Medical Schools Established
Medical and Sanitary Personnel

III. The American Revolutionary War and First Years of the Republic (1775-1783; 1799)

Establishment of the Medical Department of the Army
First American Vade Mecum of Military Hygiene by John Jones (1775)
Van Swieten`s Manual on Diseases Incident to Armies
Nostalgia, Morale, and Recreation
George Washington (1732-1799); Care for Health of Troops
Mosaic Sanitary Code: Cleanliness
Benjamin Rush (1745-1813); Preservation of Health of Soldiers
Baron von Steuben (1730-1794); Order and Discipline
James Tilton (1745-1822); Rules for Prevention of Diseases
Tilton`s Hospital
The Army Inoculated Against Smallpox (1777)
Victories of a Smallpox-Free Army
Health of the Continental Army (1775-1781)
Summary and Conclusions

IV. From the First to the Second War With England(1783-1812)

Developments Connected With the Medical Department (1783-1812)
The Legion
Military Medical Retrogression
First American Pharmacopoeia (Lititz)
Prevention of Communicable Disease a Military Duty
Observations by Benjamin Rush
Edward Cutbush on Preserving the Health of Soldiers and Sailors
Guyton de Morveau and Disinfection
Jackson`s System of Military Hygiene
Developments Outside the Army (1783-1812)
The Cosmic Epidemiology of Noah Webster
Anticontagionists: Stubbins Ffirth and Others
Medical Journalism
Smallpox Vaccination (Jennerian) of the Army (1812)

V. Three Wars-The Sanitary Reform Movement(1812-1860)

The War of 1812 (18 June 1812-21 January 1815)
The Burlington Hospital (1812-1814)
Vaccination
The Regime of Surgeon General Lovell (1818-1836)
Medical Police for Camp Sanitation
"Meteorological Registers"
Library of the Surgeon General`s Office
Vital Statistics of the Army
Climatology
The Mexican War (1846-1848)
Disease and Battle Casualty Statistics
Civil Affairs-Military Government and Public Health
Rank of Medical Officers
The Crimean War (14 September 1854-12 July 1856)
Losses From Disease in British and French Troops
Sanitary Contrasts
Florence Nightingale
The Specialty of Army Health
The Royal Army Medical School
Further Influence of Sanitary Experience of Crimean War
The Sanitary Reform Movement (1800-1860)
The Sanitary Movement Abroad
Chadwick, Farr, Simon, and Smith
The Sanitary Movement in the United States; Lemuel Shattuck`s Report (1850)

VI. The American Civil War (15 April 1861-30 June 1865)-Beginnings of Bacteriological Era and Scientific Preventive Medicine (1861-1898)

The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Sources and Critique
Weakness of the Army Medical Department at Start
Morbidity and Mortality Rates From Disease and Battle
Diseases in the Union Army
The United States Sanitary Commission
Reorganization of the Medical Department
Publications by the Commission and Health Education
Surgeon General Hammond Starts a New Era
Hammond and Letterman; Improvements and Innovations
Army Medical Museum Established (1862); Army Medical School and General Hospital Proposed
Treatise on Military Hygiene
Demobilization
Civil War to Spanish-American War (1865-1898)
Sanitary Reporting Monthly
Medical Museum and the Surgeon General`s Library
Physical Standards and Statistics
Beginnings of Scientific Preventive Medicine
Beginning of the Bacteriological Era (1876)
Lister`s "System of Antiseptic Surgery"
George Miller Sternberg, Pioneer Bacteriologist
Surgeon General Sternberg Establishes the Army Medical School (1893)

VII. The Spanish-American War-Tropical Preventive Medicine (1898-1914)

The Spanish-American War (1898)
Some Medical Aspects of the War With Spain
Sickness and Mortality
Typhoid Fever in Military Camps in the United States
The Reed-Vaughan-Shakespeare Typhoid Board
Investigations and Report
"Report" (1899) and "Abstract of Report" (1900)
Typhoid Carriers
The Dodge Commission Report (1899)
Army Medical Department Reorganization
Boards for the Study of Tropical Diseases
Army Medical Research Boards in the Philippines (1900-1933)
Yellow Fever Board in Cuba (1900-1901); Reed, Lazear, Carroll, and Agramonte
Carlos Finlay and Mosquito Transmission of Yellow Fever
Hookworm Disease in Puerto Rico; Ashford`s Work
Advances in the Early 20th Century (1901-1917)
Tropical Medicine
Havana Freed From Yellow Fever and Malaria Reduced
Disease Control and Building the Panama Canal (1904-1914)
Antityphoid Vaccination
Chlorination of Drinking Water by Darnall
The Lyster Bag
The Army Shoe Board and the Munson Last
Books on Preventive Medicine Produced

VIII. World War I (1914-1919)

Beginning of World War I in Europe (1914)
National Defense Act of 1916
National Preparedness and the Committee on Medicine
World War I, USA Participation (1917-1919)
Military Preventive Medicine Concerned With Administration of the Whole Army
Mobilization and Crowded Camps
Pneumonia Commission Established (1918)
Sanitary Organizations in the Surgeon General`s Office
Sanitary Inspectors
Sanitary Corps Established (1917); Reestablished (1923)
Gas Defense and Service
Chemical Warfare Policies and Missions
Sanitation of Manufacturing and Gas Plants
American Expeditionary Forces (1917-1919)
Staff Relationships. - (a) Theater of Operations, AEF, and the War Department
Staff Relationships. - (b) The Chief Surgeon, AEF, and The Surgeon General, War Department
Sanitation in the AEF
Results and the Influenza Pandemic (1918-1919)
Occupation of Germany, United States Army Zone (1919)
Third Army Sanitation, Preventive Medicine, and Health
Civil Affairs-Military Government Public Health
Discontinuance of Third Army

IX. Two Post-War Decades (1919-1939)

A Period of Peace, Progress, and Peril
Educational Resources for Preventive Medicine
Schools of Public Health in the United States
Epidemiology Broadened
Malaria Threat Recognized
Atabrine Introduced as Substitute for Quinine
Chemotherapy and Chemoprophylaxis
Penicillin Discovered (1929) and Antibiotics Produced
Civilian Conservation Corps (1933-1942)
Status of the Preventive Medicine Unit in the Surgeon General`s Office(1919-1939)
Leadership in Preventive Medicine Service-The Simmons Regime Initiated

X. Epilogue

APPENDIXES

A General Orders, George Washington, 1777, Of Cleanliness
B Abstract of Report (1900), Typhoid Fever in U.S. Military Camps, 1898, Reed, Vaughan, and Shakespeare
C Circular No. 5, Hq. Dept. of Cuba, 27 April1901, Yellow Fever Prevention and Control

REFERENCES

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